Subject index

Article Outline

 

Acinetobacter, in central venous catheter-related infections, 304–308

Activated coagulation time, intraoperative, arterial vs. venous, 573–580

Acupressure, wristbands for, for postoperative nausea and vomiting, 68–71

Acute respiratory distress syndrome in off-pump CABG surgery, 491

in severe chest trauma, extracorporeal lung assist for, 777–779

Adhesion molecules, after CABG surgery, simvastatin effects on, 605–609

Adrenal insufficiency, delayed-onset, postoperative, 80–81

Age factors, in atrial fibrillation, after off-pump CABG surgery, 704–708

Aggregometry, platelet, for platelet dysfunction assessment, 136–140

Air embolism

in cardiopulmonary bypass, 112–113

cerebral, bispectral index value in, 82–84

prevention of, carbon dioxide deairing in, 180–184

Airway

anomalies of, difficult intubation in, 610–612

obstruction of, after lung resection, from subglottic granuloma, 479–481

Albumin, for pump priming, vs. crystalloid, 429–437

Aldosterone, heparin and, 96–97

Aminocaproic acid, for blood loss prevention, in pediatric patients, 141–143

Amiodarone

for atrial fibrillation, after CABG surgery, 709–714

multisystem organ failure related to, 366–374

Amrinone, for postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 220

Analgesia

postoperative. See Postoperative pain

for video-assisted thoracoscopy, 317–321

Anaphylaxis, from aprotinin, 39S–40S

Anemia, postoperative, treatment of, 59–63

Anesthesia. See specific agents and procedures

Aneurysm, aortic

perioperative beta-blockade in, 7–13

stent placement for, transesophageal echocardiography in, 466–468

transmediastinal repair of, cerebrospinal fluid drainage catheters for, 624–627

Angioplasty, coronary, brain natriuretic peptide and, 782–783

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, intraoperative, hemodynamic results of, 47–52

Animal studies

arrhythmias in magnesium deficiency, 313–316

cardiac output measurement in one-lung ventilation, 190–193

left ventricular pressure-area relationship indices, 415–422

minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cardiopulmonary bypass, 620–623

vena cava obstruction detection, 293–303

Antithrombin III, heparin binding to, 93, 131–135

Aorta

aneurysm of

perioperative beta-blockade in, 7–13

stent placement for, transesophageal echocardiography in, 466–468

transmediastinal repair of, cerebrospinal fluid drainage catheters for, 624–627

atherosclerosis of, ultrasonography in, 715–718

coarctation of

coronary artery anomalous origin and, 327–331

jet ventilation during, 207–209

cross-clamping of, pulmonary artery perfusion in, 166–174

dissection of, repair of, patent foramen ovale formation in, 763–764

interruption of, in cardiopulmonary bypass, 469–471

prosthetic valve dehiscence into, 812–813

pseudoaneurysm of, echocardiography in, 527–528

stent placement in, transesophageal echocardiography in, 466–468

transit-time ultrasound of, in cardiac output measurement, before and after cardiopulmonary bypass, 563–572

Aortic root, perfusion of, for ventricular arrhythmias, after aortic valve replacement, 197–200

Aortic valve

bicuspid, sinus of Valsalva thrombosis with, 384–386

papillary fibroelastoma of, echocardiography in, 114

prosthetic, dehiscence of, aortic obstruction by, 812–813

regurgitation of, brain natriuretic peptide and, 783

replacement of

atrial natriuretic peptide levels in, 30–33

cerebral air embolism in, 82–84

delayed-onset adrenal insufficiency in, 80–81

gauze object left during, 242–244

pulmonary artery catheter venous infusion port interruption in, 72–74

refractory ventricular arrhythmias after, controlled aortic root perfusion for, 197–200

stenosis of, brain natriuretic peptide and, 783

Aprotinin

for blood conservation, 24S–28S

benefits of, 34S–36S

clinical trials of, 24S–26S

cost-effectiveness of, 26S–27S

dose for, 25S

heparin and, 38S–42S

in liver transplantation, 31S–37S

mechanisms of action of, 24S

for orthopedic surgery, 29S–30S, 40S–41S

safety of, 25S–26S, 33S–34S

for cardiopulmonary bypass, stroke after, in pediatric patients, 194–196

Argatroban, for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, 95

Arrhythmias

atrial

after CABG surgery, 309–312, 704–708, 709–714

in off-pump CABG surgery, 492–493

intraoperative, 641–644

in magnesium deficiency, 313–316

prevention of, ischemic preconditioning in, 800

ventricular

after aortic valve replacement, controlled aortic root perfusion for, 197–200

after CABG surgery, 366

Arterial switch operation, postoperative care in, 219–220

Arteries. See specific arteries

Aspirin, platelet dysfunction due to, assessment of, 136–140

Atenolol, perioperative, in aortic aneurysm surgery, cost-effectiveness of, 7–13

Atherosclerosis, aortic, ultrasonography in, 715–718

Atrial appendage thrombus, dislodgment of, in femoral embolectomy, 809–811

Atrial fibrillation

after CABG surgery, amiodarone and epidural analgesia and, 709–714

during off-pump CABG surgery, 492–493, 704–708

Atrial natriuretic peptide, measurement of, in valve replacement, 30–33

Atrial septal defect

brain natriuretic peptide and, 783

emphysematous bullae with, simultaneous repair of, 632–636

vena cava anomalies with, 332–335

Atrial septectomy, caval inflow occlusion in, in pediatric patients, 144–147

Atrial tachyarrhythmias, after CABG surgery, magnesium and sotalol effects on, 309–312

Atrium

left, pseudoaneurysm behind, 671–672

myxoma of, cardiac arrest in, resuscitation in, 769–771

Auditory-evoked potentials, midlatency, in sedation assessment, 559–562

Autologous blood donation, preoperative, 6S–11S

cell-washing systems for, continuous vs. discontinuous, 210–217

for orthopedic surgery, 29S

Awareness, anesthetic, pharmacogenetics and, 361

Beta-adrenergic receptor, genetic variations in, 359–361

Beta-blockers, perioperative

for aortic aneurysm surgery, cost-effectiveness of, 7–13

for noncardiac surgery, physician attitudes toward, 14–24

Bicaval venous cannulation, obstruction detection in, in pediatric patients, 293–303

Biomarkers

in CABG surgery, 34–37

in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 650–652

Biopsy, lung, video-assisted thoracoscopy in, intercostal nerve block for, 317–321

Bisoprolol, perioperative, in aortic aneurysm surgery, cost-effectiveness of, 7–13

Bispectral index value

in cerebral air embolism, 82–84

in pediatric cardiac surgery, 647

Biventricular assist support, for dilated cardiomyopathy, 772–774

Blalock-Taussig operation, modified, end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during, 152–155

Bleeding, from coronary arteriotomy, in off-pump CABG surgery, 488

Blood, for autologous use, 8S–10S

Blood conservation

aprotinin in, 24S–28S

heparin and, 38S–42S

in liver transplantation, 31S–37S

in orthopedic surgery, 29S–30S, 40S–41S

business plan for, 12S–14S

in cardiac surgery, 18S–23S

CEO perspective on, 15S–17S

cost-effectiveness of, 26S–27S

costs of, 22S

in liver transplantation, 31S–37S

national perspective on, 6S–11S

in orthopedic surgery, 29S–30S, 40S–41S

reasons for, 1S–5S

risk-benefit analysis for, 14S

staff acceptance of, 16S–17S

Blood flow

cerebral, in cardiopulmonary bypass, hemodilution and phenylephrine effects on, 423–428

mesenteric, after cardiopulmonary bypass, Doppler studies of, 731–733

pulmonary, measurement of, indirect Fick method for, 47–52

velocity of, in left ventricular pressure-relationship indices measurement, 415–422

Blood gas, monitoring of, during thoracoscopic surgery, 587–591

Blood glucose control, in intensive care, 690–697

Blood loss

in off-pump CABG surgery, 492

prevention of, epsilon aminocaproic acid vs. tranexamic acid in, in pediatric patients, 141–143

Blood volume, in left ventricular pressure-relationship indices measurement, 415–422

Brain

air embolism in, bispectral index value in, 82–84

blood flow in, in cardiopulmonary bypass, hemodilution and phenylephrine effects on, 423–428

functional monitoring of, in pediatric surgery, 645–656

ischemia of, in bicaval venous obstruction, detection of, 293–303

oxygen saturation in, neuropsychologic dysfunction and, 552–558

transfusion effects on, 235

Brain natriuretic peptide

in coronary angioplasty, 782–783

in heart failure

diastolic, 780–782

therapeutic, 784–785

in heart transplantation candidates, 782

in left ventricular volume overload, 784

in right ventricular pressure overload, 783

in valve surgery, 783

Bronchi, rupture of, in endotracheal intubation, 228–233

Bupivacaine

for intercostal nerve block, for video-assisted thoracoscopy, 317–321

interpleural, for post-thoracotomy pain, 461–465

Business plan, for blood conservation, 12S–14S

CABG surgery. See Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery

Calcium, ionized, concentration of, coagulation and, 581–586

Cancer

cells of, removal of, from cell-washing autotransfusion systems, 214–215

heparin action in, 96

Candida, in central venous catheter-related infections, 304–308

Capillary leak syndrome, postoperative, 222–223

Carbon dioxide

in cardiac output measurement, before and after cardiopulmonary bypass, 563–572

for deairing, in air embolism prevention, 180–184

end-tidal, monitoring of, in systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt insertion, 152–155

Cardiac arrest

in left atrial myxoma, resuscitation in, 769–771

in prosthetic aortic valve dehiscence, 812–813

Cardiac output, measurement of

in CABG surgery, off-pump, 43–46

before and after cardiopulmonary bypass, methods for, 563–572

continuous, methods for, 185–189

indirect Fick method for, 47–52

in one-lung ventilation, 190–193

Cardiomyopathy, dilated, treatment of, in pediatric patients, 772–774

Cardioplegia, blood for, salvage application of, in intraoperative ventricular fibrillation, 641–644

Cardiopulmonary bypass

activated coagulation time in, arterial vs. venous, 573–580

air embolism in, 112–113

aortic interruption during, 469–471

aprotinin in, stroke after, in pediatric patients, 194–196

atrial natriuretic peptide levels in, 30–33

bicaval venous cannulation in, obstruction detection in, 293–303

cardiac biomarker release in, 34–37

cardiac output measurement before and after, 563–572

cerebral blood flow and metabolism in, hemodilution and phenylephrine effects on, 423–428

cerebral function monitoring in, 645–656

C-reactive protein kinetics after, in pediatric patients, 160–165

deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in, femoral-to-radial arterial pressure gradient in, 175–179

duration of, kidney failure risk and, 442–445

extubation timing after, pain assessment in, 64–67

heparin in, resistance development in, 131–135

isoflurane in, minimum alveolar concentration and, 620–623

kidney failure after, 442–445

mesenteric blood flow after, Doppler studies of, 731–733

for mitral valve replacement, in pregnancy, 339–343

multisystem organ failure after, 366–374

myocardial protection in. See Myocardial protection

in narcolepsy, anesthesia safety in, 201–203

platelet dysfunction in, heparin and, 93–94

procalcitonin kinetics after, in pediatric patients, 160–165

pulmonary artery perfusion during, importance of, 166–174

pulmonary artery pressures after, milrinone and nitric oxide effects on, in pediatric patients, 156–159

pump priming in, albumin vs. crystalloid for, 429–437

quinaprilat in, hemodynamic results of, 47–52

rewarming garment for, in pediatric patients, 148–151

separation from

inotrope use in, 401–403, 404–408

unsuccessful, 242–244

in sickle cell trait, exchange transfusion requirements in, 663–667

for simultaneous atrial septal defect and emphysematous bullae repair, 632–636

superior vena caval partial occlusion during, 472–474

CardioThoracic Systems coronary stabilizer, 487

Carotid artery(ies)

endarterectomy of

myocardial ischemia in, risk factors for, 288–292

shunting in, 375–383

thrombosis of, after cardiopulmonary bypass, with aprotinin, in pediatric patients, 194–196

Catheter(s)

central venous. See Central venous catheter

cerebrospinal fluid, in transmediastinal repair of aortic aneurysm, 624–627

epidural, hematoma from, 759–762

multiperforated, for carbon dioxide deairing, 180–184

pulmonary artery. See Pulmonary artery catheter

Caval inflow occlusion technique, for congenital heart disease repair, 144–147

Cavopulmonary anastomosis, superior vena caval partial occlusion during, 472–474

Cell-washing systems, for autotransfusion, continuous vs. discontinuous, 210–217

Central venous catheter

infections due to, prospective study of, 304–308

mediastinal misplacement of, 75–77

in persistent left superior vena cava, 529–531

placement of, measurement differences and, 446–450

Central venous pressure

in fluid management, in liver transplantation, 438–441

vs. peripheral venous pressure, patient position and, 446–450

Cervical necrotizing fasciitis, vacuum-assisted closure for, 336–338

Chest radiography, exterior epidural connector rings showing on, 673–674

Chest trauma, pumpless extracorporeal lung assist in, 777–779

Children. See Pediatric patients

Circulating-water rewarming, for pediatric patients, 148–151

Circulatory arrest, deep hypothermic, femoral-to-radial arterial pressure gradient in, 175–179

Cisapride, postoperative, for pediatric patients, 222–223

Coagulation

intraoperative assessment of, 573–580

ionized calcium concentration and, 581–586

in off-pump CABG surgery, 492

Coarctation, aortic

coronary artery anomalous origin and, 327–331

jet ventilation during, 207–209

Cognitive dysfunction, in off-pump CABG surgery, 489–491

Cohn Stabilizer, for off-pump CABG surgery, 487–488

Color Doppler studies, in patent foramen ovale, 725–730

Complement, release of, from cell-washing autotransfusion systems, 214

Complications, perioperative, NHBLI recommendations on, 1–6

Computed tomography, in pseudoaneurysm from pulmonary artery catheter, 668–670

Congenital anomalies, difficult intubation in, 610–612

Congenital heart disease

bicaval venous cannulation in, obstruction detection in, 293–303

caval inflow occlusion technique for, in pediatric patients, 144–147

heart block, pacemaker implantation for, 628–629

postoperative intensive care for, in pediatric patients, 218–227

pulmonary artery shunt insertion in, end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during, 152–155

pulmonary hypertension in, brain natriuretic peptide and, 783, 784

repair of

cerebral function monitoring in, 645–656

ketorolac for, 454–457

superior vena caval partial occlusion during, 472–474

Congestive heart failure

brain natriuretic peptide and, 780–787

in pregnancy, mitral valve replacement for, 339–343

Conservation, blood. See Blood conservation

Constant-flow ventilation, in postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 221

Continuous autotransfusion system, 210–217

complement release in, 214

cytokine release in, 214

fat elimination in, 214

leukocyte quality in, 212–214

platelet quality in, 211–212

principles of, 210

red cell quality in, 211

tumor cell removal in, 214–215

Contractility, left ventricular blood flow velocity and, 415–422

Contusion, lung, pumpless extracorporeal lung assist in, 777–779

Coronary artery(ies)

angioplasty of, brain natriuretic peptide and, 782–783

anomalous origin of

with aortic coarctation, 327–331

in left sinus of Valsalva, 788–798

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery

adhesion molecules after, simvastatin effects on, 605–609

anesthesia induction in, remifentanil vs. fentanyl for, 263–268

aortic pseudoaneurysm after, 527–528

atrial fibrillation in, amiodarone and epidural analgesia and, 709–714

atrial tachyarrhythmias after, magnesium and sotalol effects on, 309–312

brain natriuretic peptide and, 782–783

cardiac biomarker release in, 34–37

cerebral oxygen saturation in, neurologic dysfunction and, 552–558

diclofenac after, 742–747

electrocardiographic changes after, 38–42

emboli in, 545–547, 548–551

endothelin production in, off-pump vs. conventional, 25–29

endotracheal intubation in, stress response to, 275–280

extubation after, vs. anesthesia type, 613–619

glycemic control after, 690–697

inflammatory response in, proprofol effects on, 592–604

inotropic agents after, 401–403, 404–408

ischemic preconditioning for, 799–805

kidney dysfunction in, 492, 545–547, 548–551

multisystem organ failure after, 366–374

myocardial protection in. See Myocardial protection

in narcolepsy, anesthesia safety in, 201–203

off-pump, 486–505

anastomosis quality in, 493–494

anesthesia for, 488–489

for anomalous coronary artery correction, 788–798

approach to, 487

arteriotomy bleeding in, 488

atrial fibrillation in, 492–493, 704–708

blood loss in, 492

cardiac biomarker release in, 34–37

cardiac output monitoring during, 43–46

cardiovascular dysfunction in, 491–492

coagulation disorders in, 492

cost savings with, 493

duration of stay and, 493

electrocardiographic changes after, 38–42

endothelin production in, 25–29

exposure for, 487

future of, 496

hemodynamic instability in, 488

high thoracic epidural anesthesia for, 256–262

in high-risk patients, 494

historic background of, 486–487

indications for, 488

intrathecal morphine for, 451–453

kidney dysfunction in, 492

limitations of, 495–496

mortality in, 493

myocardial protection in, 488

neurocognitive effects of, 489–491

outcome of, 495

patient-controlled analgesia for, 755–758

pulmonary dysfunction in, 491, 698–703

quality of life considerations in, 494–495

reappraisal of, 253–255

stabilization in, 487–488

stroke in, 489–491

systemic impact of, 489–495

systemic inflammatory response in, 489

transfusion requirements for, 492

oxycodone during and after, 748–754

patent foramen ovale diagnosis during, 101–106

perioperative enoximone in, 409–414

pulmonary artery pseudoaneurym after, computed tomography in, 668–670

pulmonary dysfunction in, 698–703

sheared catheter wire in, 765–766

ventricular pseudoaneurysm after, 671–672

in women, 344–352

long-term mortality in, 347

morbidity in, 347–348

research on, 348–350

short-term mortality in, 345–347

Corticosteroids, preoperative, delayed-onset adrenal insufficiency despite, 80–81

Cost(s)

of blood conservation, 22S

of off-pump CABG surgery, 493

of perioperative complications, NHBLI recommendations on, 1–6

of transfusions, 2S–3S, 15S

Cost-effectiveness

of blood conservation, 26S–27S

of perioperative beta-blockade, 7–13

C-reactive protein, kinetics of, after cardiopulmonary bypass, in pediatric patients, 160–165

Creatinine, elevation of, after CABG surgery, vs. emboli count, 548–551

Creutzfeld-Jacob disease organisms, new variant, in blood supply, 1S–2S

Crystalloid, for pump priming, vs. albumin, 429–437

Cyanosis, pulmonary artery shunt insertion in, end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during, 152–155

Cytochrome P450 family, pharmacogenetics of, 357–359

Cytokines, release of

in CABG surgery, propofol effects on, 592–604

from cell-washing autotransfusion systems, 214

intraoperative, quinaprilat effects on, 47–52

in myocardium, sevoflurane effects on, 269–274

Danaparoid, for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, 95

Deairing, carbon dioxide for, 180–184

Decision modeling, of perioperative beta-blockade strategies, in aortic aneurysm surgery, 7–13

Desflurane

for cardiac pheochromocytoma resection, 630–631

for ischemic preconditioning, 803

Diabetes mellitus

CABG surgery in, glycemic control in, 690–697

cardiac surgery in, kidney failure risk in, 442–445

Diastolic dysfunction, brain natriuretic peptide and, 780–782

Diclofenac, after CABG surgery, 742–747

Dilated cardiomyopathy, treatment of, in pediatric patients, 772–774

Discontinuous autotransfusion system, 210–217

complement release in, 214

cytokine release in, 214

fat elimination in, 214

leukocyte quality in, 212–214

platelet quality in, 211–212

principles of, 210

red cell quality in, 211

tumor cell removal in, 214–215

Diuretics

for liver transplantation, 438–441

postoperative, for pediatric patients, 222

DNA analysis, in pharmacogenetics, 354–355

Dobutamine

for cardiopulmonary bypass separation, 404–408

left ventricular pressure-relationship indices and, 415–422

Dopamine

for cardiopulmonary bypass separation, 404–408

for postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 220

Doppler studies

esophageal, in continuous cardiac output measurement, 185–189

in mesenteric blood flow alterations, after cardiopulmonary bypass, 731–733

in patent foramen ovale, 725–730

transcranial, in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 647–648

Down syndrome, difficult intubation in, 610–612

Ductus arteriosus, patent, interruption of, in cardiopulmonary bypass, 469–471

Echocardiography

in aortic pseudoaneurysm, 527–528

in left ventricular pressure-relationship indices measurement, 415–422

transesophageal. See Transesophageal echocardiography

Edema

postoperative, in pediatric patients, 222

pulmonary, in off-pump CABG surgery, 491

Editorials

blood glucose control, 687–689

cardiopulmonary bypass separation, 401–403

Electrocardiography

after CABG surgery, 38–42

in general anesthesia, with cardiovascular disease, 281–287

Electroencephalography, in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 647

Embolectomy, femoral, atrial appendage thrombosis dislodgment in, transesophageal echocardiography in, 809–811

Embolism

air. See Air embolism

in CABG surgery, 545–547, 548–551

iliac artery, from sinus of Valsalva thrombus, 384–386

pulmonary, removal of, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in, femoral-to-radial arterial pressure gradient in, 175–179

Emergency surgery, bloodstream infections in, 304–308

Emphysematous bullae, atrial septal defect with, simultaneous repair of, 632–636

Endarterectomy, carotid

myocardial ischemia in, risk factors for, 288–292

shunting in, 375–383

Endothelin, in CABG surgery, off-pump vs. conventional, 25–29

Endotracheal intubation

difficult, in pediatric patients, 610–612

double-lumen, tracheobronchial rupture from, 228–233

extubation in

vs. anesthesia type, 613–619

timing of, postoperative pain and, 64–67

stress in, laryngoscopy vs. laryngeal mask airway for, 275–280

Enflurane, for ischemic preconditioning, 803

Enoximone, for CABG surgery, 409–414

Enterobacter, in central venous catheter-related infections, 304–308

Epidural analgesia and anesthesia

for atrial fibrillation, after CABG surgery, 709–714

hematoma from, 759–762

for off-pump CABG surgery, 256–262

thoracic, neurologic deficits due to, 512–520

during and after thoracotomy, 317–321, 458–460

Epinephrine

for cardiopulmonary bypass separation, 404–408

for postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 220

Epsilon aminocaproic acid, for blood conservation, 38S

in pediatric patients, 141–143

Erythropoietin

for postoperative anemia, 59–63

for preoperative autologous blood donation, 6S–7S, 29S

Escherichia coli, in central venous catheter-related infections, 304–308

Esmolol, perioperative, in aortic aneurysm surgery, cost-effectiveness of, 7–13

Esophageal Doppler studies, for continuous cardiac output measurement, 185–189

Esophagectomy, left lower lobe collapse after, ventilation for, 482–485

Esophagus, tear of, in transesophageal echocardiography, 78–79

Exchange transfusions, in sickle cell trait, for cardiopulmonary bypass, 663–667

Extracorporeal lung assist, for blunt trauma, 777–779

Extubation

in off-pump CABG surgery, intrathecal morphine effects on, 451–453

timing of

vs. anesthesia type, 613–619

postoperative pain and, 64–67

Fasciitis, necrotizing, vacuum-assisted closure for, 336–338

Fat, removal of, from cell-washing autotransfusion systems, 214

Femoral embolectomy, atrial appendage thrombus dislodgment in, transesophageal echocardiography in, 809–811

Femoral-to-radial arterial pressure gradient, in deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, 175–179

Fentanyl

interpleural, for post-thoracotomy pain, 461–465

patient-controlled, for off-pump CABG surgery, 755–758

vs. remifentanil, for induction, in cardiac disease, 263–268

Fibroelastoma, papillary, of aortic valve, 114

Fick technique, indirect, for pulmonary blood flow measurement, 47–52

Fluid management

in liver transplantation, 438–441

postoperative, in pediatric patients, 222–223

Fontan-type operations, postoperative care in, 224–225

Foramen ovale, patent

intraoperative diagnosis of, 101–106

pulmonary artery catheter for, 763–764

transesophageal echocardiography in, 725–730

Foreign objects, left in valve replacement, 242–244

Free radicals, in CABG surgery, propofol effects on, 592–604

Furosemide, postoperative, for pediatric patients, 222

Gas, blood, monitoring of, during thoracoscopic surgery, 587–591

Gas-diffuser device, for carbon dioxide deairing, 180–184

Gender differences. See also Women

in kidney failure, after cardiac surgery, 442–445

in pharmacogenetics, 355

General anesthesia

for off-pump CABG surgery, 488–489

high thoracic epidural anesthesia with, 256–262

QT dispersion in, in peripheral vascular disease and silent myocardial ischemia, 281–287

Genetic factors, in anesthesia. See Pharmacogenetics

Glucose control, in intensive care, 690–697

Glycocalicin, heparin and, 93–94

Glycoproteins, platelet, heparin and, 93–94

Granuloma, subglottic, after lung resection, 479–481

Halothane

arrhythmias due to, in magnesium deficiency, 313–316

left ventricular pressure-relationship indices and, 415–422

Heart

myxoma of, atrial, cardiac arrest in, resuscitation in, 769–771

pheochromocytoma of, resection of, 630–631

rupture of, in anesthesia induction, 767–768

transplantation of, brain natriuretic peptide and, 782

univentricular, brain natriuretic peptide and, 783, 784

Heart block, congenital, pacemaker implantation for, 628–629

Heart failure

brain natriuretic peptide and, 780–787

in pregnancy, mitral valve replacement for, 339–343

Hematocrit, in transfusion decision making, 234–241

Hematoma, from thoracic epidural analgesia, 759–762

Hemodilution

in cardiopulmonary bypass, cerebral blood flow and, 423–428

for preoperative autologous blood donation, 7S–8S

Hemodynamics

in endotracheal intubation, induction effects on, 263–268

intraoperative, quinaprilat effects on, 47–52

in liver transplantation, 438–441

in off-pump CABG surgery, 488

support of, for postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 219–221

Heparin, 93–100

activated coagulation time measurement with, 573–580

aldosterone and, 96–97

antithrombin III and, 93

chemical structure of, 93

inflammation and, 95–96

lipid metabolism and, 97

malignancy and, 96

metabolism and, 97

osteoporosis and, 97

platelets and, 93–94

preoperative, resistance development in, 131–135

resistance to, 129–135

thrombin and, 93

thrombocytopenia induced by, 94–95

thyroid hormones and, 97

Histamine, release of, in CABG surgery, oxycodone and, 748–754

Hyperglycemia, control of, in intensive care, 690–697

Hyperkalemia, heparin-induced, 96–97

Hypertension, pulmonary

brain natriuretic peptide and, 783

lung transplantation for, severe intraoperative hypoxemia in, 204–206

milrinone and nitric oxide effects on, after cardiopulmonary bypass, in pediatric patients, 156–159

sildenafil with nitric oxide for, 775–776

Hyperthermia, malignant, pharmacogenetics of, 355–356

Hyperventilation therapy, in postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 221

Hypothermia, cerebral, monitoring of, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 646–647

Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, circulating-water rewarming garment for, in pediatric patients, 148–151

Hypoxemia, in single-lung transplantation, 204–206

Iliac artery, embolism in, from sinus of Valsalva thrombus, 384–386

Indirect Fick technique, for pulmonary blood flow measurement, 47–52

Indomethacin, after thoracotomy, 458–460

Induction, in cardiac disease, remifentanil vs. fentanyl for, 263–268

Infants. See Pediatric patients

Infarction

mesenteric, surgery for, prognostic factors in, 734–741

myocardial. See Myocardial infarction

Infections, central venous catheter-related, prospective study of, 304–308

Inflammation

in CABG surgery

off-pump vs. conventional, 25–29

propofol effects on, 592–604

heparin and, 95–96

intraoperative quinaprilat for, hemodynamic results of, 47–52

Inflow occlusion, for congenital heart disease repair, 144–147

Inotropic agents

for CABG surgery, 409–414

for cardiopulmonary bypass separation, 401–403, 404–408

Insufflation, carbon dioxide, in air embolism prevention, 180–184

Insulin, for glycemic control, in intensive care, 690–697

Integrins, heparin and, 95

Intensive care

glycemic control in, 690–697

for pediatric patients, 218–227

antidiuretics in, 222

anti-inflammatory drugs in, 222

fluid management, 222–223

gastrointestinal interventions in, 222–223

inhaled nitric oxide in, 218–219

mechanical ventilation in, 221

pharmacologic hemodynamic support in, 219–221

thyroid hormones in, 222

in univentricular physiology, 223–224

personnel directing, 521–526

Intercellular adhesion molecule, after CABG surgery, simvastatin effects on, 605–609

Intercostal nerve block, for video-assisted thoracoscopy, 317–321

Interleukin(s), in CABG surgery, propofol effects on, 592–604

Interleukin-6, release of, in myocardium, sevoflurane effects on, 269–274

Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation

bloodstream infections in, 304–308

kidney failure risk with, 442–445

Intrapulmonary shunt, measurement of, indirect Fick method for, 47–52

Intubation, endotracheal. See Endotracheal intubation

Iron hydroxide sucrose complex, intravenous, for postoperative anemia, 59–63

Ischemia

mesenteric, surgery for, prognostic factors in, 734–741

myocardial. See Myocardial ischemia

Isoflurane

for CABG surgery, extubation time with, 613–619

for ischemic preconditioning, 803

minimum alveolar concentration of, in cardiopulmonary bypass, 620–623

Jugular bulb oximetry, in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 648

Jugular vein, left internal, pseudoaneurysm of, from venipuncture, 806–808

Ketobemidone, for postoperative pain, extubation timing and, 64–67

Ketorolac, for postoperative pain, in congenital heart surgery, 454–457

Kidney, dysfunction/failure of

in CABG surgery, 366–374, 545–547, 548–551

off-pump, 492

after cardiac surgery, incidence and risk of, 442–445

Laryngeal mask airway and laryngoscopy, stress response in, 275–280

Laser revascularization

percutaneous, vs. transmyocardial laser revascularization, 87

transmyocardial, review of, 85–92

Lepirudin, for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, 95

Letters to the editor

abdominal wall mucormycosis after heart transplantation, 822–823

atrial septal defect vs. patent foramen ovale, 824

combined transesophageal echocardiography and laryngeal mask airway, 395–396

correlation of bispectral index with tet spells, 682–683

defective triple-lumen catheter, 680–681

endothelin release after off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 680

esophageal Doppler monitoring in off-pump surgery, 539–541

heparin reversal in coronary artery bypass surgery, 394–395

high thoracic epidural anesthesia for coronary artery bypass surgery, 392–394

inadvertent high dose epinephrine administration, 121

liver transplantation anesthesia, 825–826

massive epistaxis from nasopharyngeal probe, 123–124

nasopharyngeal angiofibroma with hemophilia A, 819

paravalvular abscess after aortic valve replacement, 820–821

propofol infusion into cardiopulmonary bypass pump, 122–123

pyruvate-fortified cardioplegia, 537–539

recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy after esophagectomy, 822

venous air embolism, 681–682

Leukocytes, quality of, from cell-washing autotransfusion systems, 212–214

Levosimendan, for dilated cardiomyopathy, 772–774

Lidocaine, epidural, after thoracotomy, 458–460

Lipid metabolism, heparin and, 97

Lipid peroxidation, in CABG surgery, propofol effects on, 592–604

Lipoproteins, heparin and, 97

Lithotomy position, vs. peripheral and central venous pressures, 446–450

Liver

dysfunction of, after CABG surgery, 366–374

transplantation of

blood conservation in, 31S–37S

fluid management in, 438–441

Lobectomy, for living-related lung transplantation, 506–511

Lung

biopsy of, video-assisted thoracoscopy in, intercostal nerve block for, 317–321

blood flow in, measurement of, indirect Fick method for, 47–52

dysfunction of, in CABG surgery, 491, 698–703

emphysematous bullae in, atrial septal defect with, simultaneous repair of, 632–636

extracorporeal assist for, in blunt trauma, 777–779

perfusion of, importance of, 166–174

resection of, subglottic granuloma after, 479–481

transplantation of

intraoperative hypoxemia during, 204–206

living-related, 506–511

Mac-1, heparin and, 95

Mad cow disease organisms, in blood supply, 1S–2S

Magnesium

for atrial tachyarrhythmias, after CABG surgery, 309–312

deficiency of, arrhythmias in, during anesthesia, 313–316

Malignant hyperthermia, pharmacogenetics of, 355–356

Malondialdehyde, in CABG surgery, propofol effects on, 592–604

Mediastinum

central venous catheter placement in, 75–77

necrotizing fasciitis of, vacuum-assisted closure for, 336–338

Medivent RTX respirator, for left lower lobe collapse, after esophagectomy, 482–485

Mesenteric blood flow, after cardiopulmonary bypass, Doppler studies of, 731–733

Mesenteric infarction, surgery for, prognostic factors in, 734–741

Metabolism, drug, genetic variations in. See Pharmacogenetics

Metastasis, heparin action in, 96

Methylprednisolone, postoperative, for pediatric patients, 222

Metoprolol, perioperative, in aortic aneurysm surgery, cost-effectiveness of, 7–13

Milrinone

for cardiopulmonary bypass separation, 404–408

for pediatric patients, 220

pulmonary artery pressure effects of, after cardiopulmonary bypass, 156–159

Mitral valve

regurgitation of, brain natriuretic peptide and, 783

replacement of

atrial natriuretic peptide levels in, 30–33

cardiopulmonary bypass separation after, 404–408

gauze object left during, 242–244

left atrial thrombus formation after, 637–640

in pregnancy, 339–343

surgery on, kidney failure risk in, 442–445

Monitoring, in carotid endarterectomy, 375–383

Morphine, for off-pump CABG surgery

intrathecal, 451–453

patient-controlled, 755–758

Mortality

in CABG surgery, in women, 345–348

in mesenteric infarction, 734–741

in off-pump CABG surgery, 493

Multidrug resistance transporter, genetic variations in, 359

Multiperforated catheter, for carbon dioxide deairing, 180–184

Multisystem organ failure, after CABG surgery, 366–374

Myocardial infarction

in aortic aneurysm surgery, beta-blockers for, 7–13

in noncardiac surgery, beta-blockers for, 14–24

ventricular rupture in, in anesthesia induction, 767–768

Myocardial ischemia

in CABG surgery

enoximone for, 409–414

off-pump, 491

for preconditioning, 799–805

silent, general anesthesia in, QT dispersion in, 281–287

Myocardial protection

enoximone for, 409–414

ischemic preconditioning for, 799–805

in off-pump CABG surgery, 488

sevoflurane for, 269–274

Myocarditis, treatment of, in pediatric patients, 772–774

Myxoma, atrial, cardiac arrest in, resuscitation in, 769–771

Nadoparin, for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, 95

Narcolepsy, cardiac surgery in, anesthesia safety in, 201–203

National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute (NHLBI), perioperative medicine recommendations of, 1–6

Natriuretic peptide, brain. See Brain natriuretic peptide

Nausea and vomiting, postoperative, acupressure wristbands for, 68–71

Near-infrared spectroscopy, in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 648–649

Necrotizing fasciitis, vacuum-assisted closure for, 336–338

Nesiritide, for heart failure, 784–785

Neurologic complications

in CABG surgery

off-pump, 489–491

prevention of, aortic atherosclerosis detection for, 715–718

in cerebral oxygen desaturation, 552–558

in thoracic epidural supplementation, 512–520

Neurologic function, monitoring of, in pediatric patients, 645–656

biochemical markers in, 650–652

bispectral index monitor in, 647

electroencephalography in, 647

jugular bulb oximetry in, 648

multimodality, 652–653

near-infrared spectroscopy in, 648–649

temperature measurement, 646–647

transcranial Doppler studies in, 647–648

NHLBI (National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute), perioperative medicine recommendations of, 1–6

Nitric oxide

inhaled, with sildenafil, for pulmonary hypertension, 775–776

for postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 218–219

pulmonary artery pressure effects of, after cardiopulmonary bypass, in pediatric patients, 156–159

Nitroglycerin, for liver transplantation, 438–441

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, after CABG surgery, 742–747

Norepinephrine, for liver transplantation, 438–441

Norwood operation, postoperative care in, 223–224

Octopus Stabilization System, for off-pump CABG surgery, 487

Off-pump CABG surgery. See Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, off-pump

One-lung ventilation, cardiac output measurement in, 190–193

OPCAB. See Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, off-pump

Orthopedic surgery

blood conservation in, 29S–30S, 40S–41S

with cardiovascular disease, general anesthesia in, 281–287

Osteoporosis, heparin-induced, 97

Outcomes, of perioperative beta-blockade, in aortic aneurysm surgery, 7–13

Oximetry, jugular bulb, in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 648

Oxycodone, during and after CABG surgery, 748–754

Oxygen saturation

cerebral, neuropsychologic dysfunction and, 552–558

monitoring of, in systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt insertion, 152–155

Pacemaker, for congenital heart block, 628–629

Pain, postoperative. See Postoperative pain

Papillary fibroelastoma, of aortic valve, 114

Paracetamol, after CABG surgery, 742–747

Paratrend blood gas monitoring system, during thoracoscopic surgery, 587–591

Partial rebreathing, in cardiac output measurement, before and after cardiopulmonary bypass, 563–572

Patent ductus arteriosus, interruption of, in cardiopulmonary bypass, 469–471

Patent foramen ovale

intraoperative diagnosis of, 101–106

pulmonary artery catheter for, 763–764

transesophageal echocardiography in, 725–730

Patient-controlled analgesia, for off-pump CABG surgery, 755–758

Pediatric patients

absent right superior vena cava with persistent left superior vena cava in, 332–335

aortic coarctation repair in

with coronary artery anomalous origin, 327–331

jet ventilation during, 207–209

bicaval venous cannulation in, obstruction detection in, 293–303

blood loss prevention in, epsilon aminocaproic acid vs. tranexamic acid for, 141–143

cardiopulmonary bypass in

aortic interruption during, 469–471

procalcitonin and C-reactive protein kinetics after, 160–165

pulmonary artery pressures after, milrinone and nitric oxide effects on, 156–159

cavopulmonary anastomosis in, superior vena caval partial occlusion during, 472–474

congenital heart disease in

caval inflow occlusion technique for, 144–147

repair of, postoperative ketorolac for, 454–457

dilated cardiomyopathy in, treatment of, 772–774

heart block in, pacemaker implantation for, 628–629

hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in, rewarming garment for, 148–151

intubation of, difficult, 610–612

postoperative intensive care for, 218–227

pulmonary hypertension in, sildenafil with nitric oxide for, 775–776

stroke in, after cardiopulmonary bypass with aprotinin, 194–196

Perioperative medicine, NHBLI recommendations on, 1–6

Peripheral vascular disease, general anesthesia in, QT dispersion in, 281–287

Peripheral venous pressure, vs. central venous pressure, patient position and, 446–450

Peroxidation, lipid, in CABG surgery, propofol effects on, 592–604

Persistent left superior vena cava, central venous catheter in, 529–531

Pharmacogenetics, 353–365

allele frequencies in, 355

of beta-adrenergic receptor, 359–360

of cytochrome P450 family, 357–359

gender differences in, 355

gene structure and, 353–354

genetic variation and, 354

in malignant hyperthermia, 355–356

of multidrug resistance transporter, 359

nomenclature of, 355–357

polymorphism-drug metabolism phenotype and, 355

in pseudocholinesterase deficiency, 356–357

testing in, 354–355

Phenylephrine

in cardiopulmonary bypass, cerebral blood flow and, 423–428

for liver transplantation, 438–441

Pheochromocytoma, cardiac, resection of, 630–631

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

for CABG surgery, 409–414

for postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 220

Platelets

aggregometry of, for platelet dysfunction assessment, 136–140

cardiopulmonary bypass effects on, pump priming fluid and, 429–437

deficiency of, heparin-induced, 94–95

dysfunction of

aspirin-induced, 136–140

heparin-induced, 93–94

quality of, from cell-washing autotransfusion systems, 211–212

Plateletworks analyzer, for platelet dysfunction assessment, 136–140

Pleura, biopsy of, video-assisted thoracoscopy in, intercostal nerve block for, 317–321

Pleural space, anesthetic administration into, for post-thoracotomy pain, 461–465

Pleurectomy, video-assisted thoracoscopy in, intercostal nerve block for, 317–321

Position, patient, vs. peripheral and central venous pressures, 446–450

Post cardiopulmonary bypass myocardial dysfunction, enoximone for, 409–414

Postoperative pain

in CABG surgery

diclofenac and paracetamol for, 742–747

off-pump, patient-controlled analgesia for, 755–758

oxycodone for, 748–754

epidural analgesia for, neurologic deficits due to, 512–520

extubation timing and, 64–67

thoracic epidural analgesia for, atrial fibrillation and, 709–714

in thoracotomy

epidural local anesthetics for, 458–460

intercostal nerve block vs. morphine for, 317–321

interpleural bupivacaine with fentanyl for, 461–465

in video-assisted thoracoscopy, 317–322

Prednisolone, postoperative, for pediatric patients, 222

Prednisone, preoperative, delayed-onset adrenal insufficiency despite, 80–81

Procalcitonin, kinetics of, after cardiopulmonary bypass, in pediatric patients, 160–165

Prone position, vs. peripheral and central venous pressures, 446–450

Propofol

for CABG surgery

extubation time with, 613–619

lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response effects of, 592–604

safety of, in narcolepsy, 201–203

Proteus, in central venous catheter-related infections, 304–308

Pseudoaneurysm

aortic, echocardiography of, 527–528

left internal jugular vein, from venipuncture, 806–808

pulmonary artery, from catheter, computed tomography in, 668–670

ventricular, behind left atrium, 671–672

Pseudocholinesterase deficiency, 356–357

Pulmonary artery

perfusion of, importance of, 166–174

shunt insertion in, end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during, 152–155

Pulmonary artery catheter

gravity-driven fluid infusions through, interruption of, 72–74

guided insertion of, transesophageal echocardiography in, 658–662

for patent foramen ovale reduction, 763–764

pseudoaneurym due to, computed tomography in, 668–670

Pulmonary artery pressure, milrinone and nitric oxide effects on, after cardiopulmonary bypass, in pediatric patients, 156–159

Pulmonary artery thermodilution, for cardiac output measurement

continuous, 185–189

in one-lung ventilation, 190–193

Pulmonary blood flow, measurement of, indirect Fick method for, 47–52

Pulmonary edema, in off-pump CABG surgery, 491

Pulmonary embolism, removal of, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in, femoral-to-radial arterial pressure gradient in, 175–179

Pulmonary fibrosis, living-related lung transplantation in, 506–511

Pulmonary hypertension

brain natriuretic peptide and, 783, 784

lung transplantation for, severe intraoperative hypoxemia in, 204–206

postoperative, in pediatric patients, 218–219

sildenafil with nitric oxide for, 775–776

Pulse contour analysis, for continuous cardiac output measurement, 185–189

QT dispersion, in general anesthesia, with cardiovascular disease, 281–287

Quality of life, in off-pump CABG surgery, 494–495

Quinaprilat, intraoperative, hemodynamic results of, 47–52

Rebreathing, partial, in cardiac output measurement, before and after cardiopulmonary bypass, 563–572

Red blood cells, quality of, from cell-washing autotransfusion systems, 211

Remifentanil

for cardiac pheochromocytoma resection, 630–631

vs. fentanyl, for induction, in cardiac disease, 263–268

patient-controlled, for off-pump CABG surgery, 755–758

safety of, in narcolepsy, 201–203

Resistance, heparin, 129–130

Respiratory disorders, in off-pump CABG surgery, 451–453, 491

Resuscitation

in atrial myxoma, 769–771

in cardiac rupture, 767–768

Revascularization. See also Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery

laser, transmyocardial, review of, 85–92

percutaneous, vs. transmyocardial laser revascularization, 87

Rewarming, circulating-water garment for, in pediatric patients, 148–151

Risk assessment, perioperative, NHBLI recommendations on, 1–6

S-100 protein, in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 650–652

Sedation, assessment of, midlatency auditory-evoked potentials in, 559–562

Selectins

after CABG surgery, simvastatin effects on, 605–609

heparin and, 95–96

Sepsis, after cardiopulmonary bypass, in pediatric patients, 160–165

Septectomy, atrial, caval inflow occlusion in, in pediatric patients, 144–147

Sevoflurane

arrhythmias due to, in magnesium deficiency, 313–316

for CABG surgery, extubation time with, 613–619

for ischemic preconditioning, 803–804

for myocardial protection, 269–274

Shoulder pain, after thoracotomy, epidural analgesia for, 458–460

Shunt

brain natriuretic peptide and, 784

in carotid endarterectomy, 375–383

intrapulmonary, measurement of, indirect Fick method for, 47–52

Sickle cell trait, cardiopulmonary bypass in, exchange transfusion requirements in, 663–667

Sildenafil, with nitric oxide, for pulmonary hypertension, 775–776

Simvastatin, adhesion molecule effects of, after CABG surgery, 605–609

Sinus of Valsalva

right anomalous coronary artery originating in, 788–798

thrombosis of, in bicuspid aortic valve, 384–386

SonoSite ultrasound device, in aortic atherosclerosis, 715–718

Sotalol, for atrial tachyarrhythmias, after CABG surgery, 309–312

Spectroscopy, near-infrared

in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 648–649

for obstruction detection, in bicaval venous cannulation, 293–303

Stabilization, for off-pump CABG surgery, 487–488

Staphylococcus, in central venous catheter-related infections, 304–308

Stent, aortic, placement of, transesophageal echocardiography in, 466–468

Stress, in endotracheal intubation, laryngoscopy vs. laryngeal mask airway for, 275–280

Stroke

in carotid artery thrombosis, after cardiopulmonary bypass, with aprotinin, in pediatric patients, 194–196

in off-pump CABG surgery, 489–491

prevention of, in pediatric cardiac surgery, neuromonitoring for, 645–656

Stroke work, left ventricular blood flow velocity and, 415–422

Subglottic granuloma, after lung resection, 479–481

Superior vena cava, obstruction of, in cannulation, detection of, 293–303

Supine position, vs. peripheral and central venous pressures, 446–450

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

after CABG surgery, 366–374

after cardiopulmonary bypass, in pediatric patients, 160–165

intraoperative, quinaprilat effects on, 47–52

in off-pump CABG surgery, 489

Systemic vascular resistance, intraoperative, quinaprilat effects on, 47–52

Temperature, cerebral, monitoring of, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 646–647

Thermodilution

in cardiac output measurement, before and after cardiopulmonary bypass, 563–572

pulmonary artery, for cardiac output measurement

continuous, 185–189

in one-lung ventilation, 190–193

Thoracic epidural anesthesia

for atrial fibrillation, after CABG surgery, 709–714

hematoma from, 759–762

high, for off-pump CABG surgery, 256–262

Thoracoscopy

blood gas monitoring during, 587–591

video-assisted, intercostal nerve block for, 317–321

Thoracotomy, pain after

epidural local anesthetics for, 458–460

intercostal nerve block vs. morphine for, 317–321

interpleural bupivacaine with fentanyl for, 461–465

Thrombin, heparin binding to, 93

Thrombocytopenia, heparin-induced, 94–95

Thromboelastography, in ionized calcium vs. coagulation studies, 581–586

Thromboendarterectomy, pulmonary, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in, femoral-to-radial arterial pressure gradient in, 175–179

Thrombosis

atrial appendage, dislodgment of, in femoral embolectomy, 809–811

carotid artery, after cardiopulmonary bypass, with aprotinin, in pediatric patients, 194–196

left atrial, after mitral valve replacement, 637–640

sinus of Valsalva, in bicuspid aortic valve, 384–386

Thyroid hormones

heparin and, 97

postoperative, for pediatric patients, 222

Trachea

intubation of. See Endotracheal intubation

nonpenetrating traumatic transection of, 475–478

rupture of, in endotracheal intubation, 228–233

Tranexamic acid, for blood loss prevention, in pediatric patients, 141–143

Transcranial Doppler studies, in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 647–648

Transesophageal echocardiography

in anomalous coronary artery correction, 788–798

in aortic stent placement, 466–468

in aortic valve mass, 114

in atrial appendage thrombus dislodgment, 809–811

in CABG surgery

in cardiac output monitoring, 43–46

sheared catheter wire detection by, 765–766

in cardiopulmonary bypass separation, 401–403, 404–408

intraoperative

gauze object found in, 242–244

in noncardiac surgery, utility of, 107–111

in left atrial thrombus, 637–640

in patent foramen ovale, 101–106, 725–730

probe of, esophageal tear from, 78–79

in pulmonary artery catheter guided insertion, 658–662

in tricuspid regurgitation, 719–724

in ventricular pseudoaneurysm, 671–672

Transfusion(s)

blood conservation and. See Blood conservation

blood shortages for, 1S–2S

cell-washing autotransfusion systems for, continuous vs. discontinuous, 210–217

costs of, 2S–3S, 15S

demand for, 2S

efficacy of, 3S–4S

errors in, 15S

exchange, in sickle cell trait, for cardiopulmonary bypass, 663–667

hematocrit criteria for, 234–241

in liver transplantation, 438–441

for off-pump CABG surgery, 492

pathogens in, 1S

refusal of, by Jehovah’s Witness patient, 765–766

risks of, 234–235

Transmyocardial laser revascularization, 85–92

angiogenesis in, 86

background of, 85–86

candidates for, 87

clinical trials of, 87–90

lasers for, 86

myocardial necrosis in, 86

vs. percutaneous revascularization, 87

placebo effect in, 86

techniques for, 86–87

Transplantation

heart, brain natriuretic peptide and, 782

liver

blood conservation in, 31S–37S

fluid management in, 438–441

lung

intraoperative hypoxemia during, 204–206

living-related, 506–511

Transpulmonary aortic thermodilution, for cardiac output measurement, in one-lung ventilation, 190–193

Trauma

chest, pumpless extracorporeal lung assist in, 777–779

tracheal, management of, 475–478

Trendelenburg position, vs. peripheral and central venous pressures, 446–450

Tricuspid valve, regurgitation of, transesophageal echocardiography in, 719–724

Triiodothyronine, postoperative, for pediatric patients, 222

Troponin I, release of

in CABG surgery, 34–37, 409–414

off-pump, 491

in ischemic preconditioning, 803

Tube(s), endotracheal. See Endotracheal intubation

Tumor cells, removal of, from cell-washing autotransfusion systems, 214

Tumor necrosis factor-α, release of, in myocardium, sevoflurane effects on, 269–274

Turbidometric platelet aggregometry, for platelet dysfunction assessment, 136–140

Ultrasonography

in aortic atherosclerosis, 715–718

in cardiac output measurement, before and after cardiopulmonary bypass, 563–572

in mesenteric blood flow alterations, after cardiopulmonary bypass, 731–733

Univentricular heart

brain natriuretic peptide and, 783, 784

surgery for, postoperative care in, 223–225

Vacuum-assisted closure, for necrotizing fasciitis treatment, 336–338

Valve

aortic. See Aortic valve

mitral. See Mitral valve

Vascular cell adhesion molecule, after CABG surgery, simvastatin effects on, 605–609

Vasopressin, for postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 220

Vena cava

anomalies of, absent right superior vena cava with persistent left superior vena cava in, 332–335

obstruction of, detection of, 293–303

occlusion of, in atrial septectomy, 144–147

superior

persistent, central venous catheter in, 529–531

unintentional partial occlusion of, in cavopulmonary anastomosis, 472–474

Venipuncture, of left internal jugular vein, pseudoaneurysm formation in, 806–808

Venous infusion port, for pulmonary artery catheter, gravity-driven fluid infusions through, interruption of, 72–74

Venous pressure, peripheral, vs. central venous pressure, patient position and, 446–450

Ventilation

constant-flow, in pediatric patients, 221

after esophagectomy, for left lower lobe collapse, 482–485

jet, during aortic coarctation repair, 207–209

mechanical, in postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 221

one-lung, cardiac output measurement in, 190–193

with pumpless extracorporeal device, for blunt trauma, 777–779

volume-targeted, in pediatric patients, 221

Ventricle(s)

left

pressure overload of, brain natriuretic peptide and, 784

pressure-area relationship indices of, 415–422

pseudoaneurysm of, behind left atrium, 671–672

right, pressure overload of, brain natriuretic peptide and, 783

rupture of, in anesthesia induction, 767–768

Ventricular arrhythmias, after aortic valve replacement, controlled aortic root perfusion for, 197–200

Ventricular assist support, for dilated cardiomyopathy, 772–774

Ventricular fibrillation

after CABG surgery, 366

intraoperative, salvage with secondary blood cardioplegia, 641–644

Ventricular septal defect

brain natriuretic peptide and, 783, 784

pulmonary hypertension in, sildenafil with nitric oxide for, 775–776

repair of, aortic interruption during, 469–471

Video-assisted thoracoscopy, intercostal nerve block for, 317–321

Virginia Commonwealth University, blood conservation program of, 18S–23S

Visual analog scale, for pain assessment, extubation timing and, 64–67

Volume-targeted ventilation, in pediatric patients, 221

Vomiting, postoperative, acupressure wristbands for, 68–71

Warming garment, circulating-water, for pediatric patients, 148–151

Women, CABG surgery in, 344–352

long-term mortality in, 347

morbidity in, 347–348

preoperative presentation of, 344–345

research on, 348–350

short-term mortality in, 345–347

Wristbands, acupressure, for postoperative nausea and vomiting, 68–71