Acinetobacter, in central venous catheter-related infections, 304–308
Activated coagulation time, intraoperative, arterial vs. venous, 573–580
Acupressure, wristbands for, for postoperative nausea and vomiting, 68–71
Acute respiratory distress syndrome in off-pump CABG surgery, 491
in severe chest trauma, extracorporeal lung assist for, 777–779
Adhesion molecules, after CABG surgery, simvastatin effects on, 605–609
Adrenal insufficiency, delayed-onset, postoperative, 80–81
Age factors, in atrial fibrillation, after off-pump CABG surgery, 704–708
Aggregometry, platelet, for platelet dysfunction assessment, 136–140
Air embolism
in cardiopulmonary bypass, 112–113
cerebral, bispectral index value in, 82–84
prevention of, carbon dioxide deairing in, 180–184
Airway
anomalies of, difficult intubation in, 610–612
obstruction of, after lung resection, from subglottic granuloma, 479–481
Albumin, for pump priming, vs. crystalloid, 429–437
Aldosterone, heparin and, 96–97
Aminocaproic acid, for blood loss prevention, in pediatric patients, 141–143
Amiodarone
for atrial fibrillation, after CABG surgery, 709–714
multisystem organ failure related to, 366–374
Amrinone, for postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 220
Analgesia
postoperative. See Postoperative pain
for video-assisted thoracoscopy, 317–321
Anaphylaxis, from aprotinin, 39S–40S
Anemia, postoperative, treatment of, 59–63
Anesthesia. See specific agents and procedures
Aneurysm, aortic
perioperative beta-blockade in, 7–13
stent placement for, transesophageal echocardiography in, 466–468
transmediastinal repair of, cerebrospinal fluid drainage catheters for, 624–627
Angioplasty, coronary, brain natriuretic peptide and, 782–783
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, intraoperative, hemodynamic results of, 47–52
Animal studies
arrhythmias in magnesium deficiency, 313–316
cardiac output measurement in one-lung ventilation, 190–193
left ventricular pressure-area relationship indices, 415–422
minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cardiopulmonary bypass, 620–623
vena cava obstruction detection, 293–303
Antithrombin III, heparin binding to, 93, 131–135
Aorta
aneurysm of
perioperative beta-blockade in, 7–13
stent placement for, transesophageal echocardiography in, 466–468
transmediastinal repair of, cerebrospinal fluid drainage catheters for, 624–627
atherosclerosis of, ultrasonography in, 715–718
coarctation of
coronary artery anomalous origin and, 327–331
jet ventilation during, 207–209
cross-clamping of, pulmonary artery perfusion in, 166–174
dissection of, repair of, patent foramen ovale formation in, 763–764
interruption of, in cardiopulmonary bypass, 469–471
prosthetic valve dehiscence into, 812–813
pseudoaneurysm of, echocardiography in, 527–528
stent placement in, transesophageal echocardiography in, 466–468
transit-time ultrasound of, in cardiac output measurement, before and after cardiopulmonary bypass, 563–572
Aortic root, perfusion of, for ventricular arrhythmias, after aortic valve replacement, 197–200
Aortic valve
bicuspid, sinus of Valsalva thrombosis with, 384–386
papillary fibroelastoma of, echocardiography in, 114
prosthetic, dehiscence of, aortic obstruction by, 812–813
regurgitation of, brain natriuretic peptide and, 783
replacement of
atrial natriuretic peptide levels in, 30–33
cerebral air embolism in, 82–84
delayed-onset adrenal insufficiency in, 80–81
gauze object left during, 242–244
pulmonary artery catheter venous infusion port interruption in, 72–74
refractory ventricular arrhythmias after, controlled aortic root perfusion for, 197–200
stenosis of, brain natriuretic peptide and, 783
Aprotinin
for blood conservation, 24S–28S
benefits of, 34S–36S
clinical trials of, 24S–26S
cost-effectiveness of, 26S–27S
dose for, 25S
heparin and, 38S–42S
in liver transplantation, 31S–37S
mechanisms of action of, 24S
for orthopedic surgery, 29S–30S, 40S–41S
safety of, 25S–26S, 33S–34S
for cardiopulmonary bypass, stroke after, in pediatric patients, 194–196
Argatroban, for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, 95
Arrhythmias
atrial
after CABG surgery, 309–312, 704–708, 709–714
in off-pump CABG surgery, 492–493
intraoperative, 641–644
in magnesium deficiency, 313–316
prevention of, ischemic preconditioning in, 800
ventricular
after aortic valve replacement, controlled aortic root perfusion for, 197–200
after CABG surgery, 366
Arterial switch operation, postoperative care in, 219–220
Arteries. See specific arteries
Aspirin, platelet dysfunction due to, assessment of, 136–140
Atenolol, perioperative, in aortic aneurysm surgery, cost-effectiveness of, 7–13
Atherosclerosis, aortic, ultrasonography in, 715–718
Atrial appendage thrombus, dislodgment of, in femoral embolectomy, 809–811
Atrial fibrillation
after CABG surgery, amiodarone and epidural analgesia and, 709–714
during off-pump CABG surgery, 492–493, 704–708
Atrial natriuretic peptide, measurement of, in valve replacement, 30–33
Atrial septal defect
brain natriuretic peptide and, 783
emphysematous bullae with, simultaneous repair of, 632–636
vena cava anomalies with, 332–335
Atrial septectomy, caval inflow occlusion in, in pediatric patients, 144–147
Atrial tachyarrhythmias, after CABG surgery, magnesium and sotalol effects on, 309–312
Atrium
left, pseudoaneurysm behind, 671–672
myxoma of, cardiac arrest in, resuscitation in, 769–771
Auditory-evoked potentials, midlatency, in sedation assessment, 559–562
Autologous blood donation, preoperative, 6S–11S
cell-washing systems for, continuous vs. discontinuous, 210–217
for orthopedic surgery, 29S
Awareness, anesthetic, pharmacogenetics and, 361
Beta-adrenergic receptor, genetic variations in, 359–361
Beta-blockers, perioperative
for aortic aneurysm surgery, cost-effectiveness of, 7–13
for noncardiac surgery, physician attitudes toward, 14–24
Bicaval venous cannulation, obstruction detection in, in pediatric patients, 293–303
Biomarkers
in CABG surgery, 34–37
in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 650–652
Biopsy, lung, video-assisted thoracoscopy in, intercostal nerve block for, 317–321
Bisoprolol, perioperative, in aortic aneurysm surgery, cost-effectiveness of, 7–13
Bispectral index value
in cerebral air embolism, 82–84
in pediatric cardiac surgery, 647
Biventricular assist support, for dilated cardiomyopathy, 772–774
Blalock-Taussig operation, modified, end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during, 152–155
Bleeding, from coronary arteriotomy, in off-pump CABG surgery, 488
Blood, for autologous use, 8S–10S
Blood conservation
aprotinin in, 24S–28S
heparin and, 38S–42S
in liver transplantation, 31S–37S
in orthopedic surgery, 29S–30S, 40S–41S
business plan for, 12S–14S
in cardiac surgery, 18S–23S
CEO perspective on, 15S–17S
cost-effectiveness of, 26S–27S
costs of, 22S
in liver transplantation, 31S–37S
national perspective on, 6S–11S
in orthopedic surgery, 29S–30S, 40S–41S
reasons for, 1S–5S
risk-benefit analysis for, 14S
staff acceptance of, 16S–17S
Blood flow
cerebral, in cardiopulmonary bypass, hemodilution and phenylephrine effects on, 423–428
mesenteric, after cardiopulmonary bypass, Doppler studies of, 731–733
pulmonary, measurement of, indirect Fick method for, 47–52
velocity of, in left ventricular pressure-relationship indices measurement, 415–422
Blood gas, monitoring of, during thoracoscopic surgery, 587–591
Blood glucose control, in intensive care, 690–697
Blood loss
in off-pump CABG surgery, 492
prevention of, epsilon aminocaproic acid vs. tranexamic acid in, in pediatric patients, 141–143
Blood volume, in left ventricular pressure-relationship indices measurement, 415–422
Brain
air embolism in, bispectral index value in, 82–84
blood flow in, in cardiopulmonary bypass, hemodilution and phenylephrine effects on, 423–428
functional monitoring of, in pediatric surgery, 645–656
ischemia of, in bicaval venous obstruction, detection of, 293–303
oxygen saturation in, neuropsychologic dysfunction and, 552–558
transfusion effects on, 235
Brain natriuretic peptide
in coronary angioplasty, 782–783
in heart failure
diastolic, 780–782
therapeutic, 784–785
in heart transplantation candidates, 782
in left ventricular volume overload, 784
in right ventricular pressure overload, 783
in valve surgery, 783
Bronchi, rupture of, in endotracheal intubation, 228–233
Bupivacaine
for intercostal nerve block, for video-assisted thoracoscopy, 317–321
interpleural, for post-thoracotomy pain, 461–465
Business plan, for blood conservation, 12S–14S
CABG surgery. See Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery
Calcium, ionized, concentration of, coagulation and, 581–586
Cancer
cells of, removal of, from cell-washing autotransfusion systems, 214–215
heparin action in, 96
Candida, in central venous catheter-related infections, 304–308
Capillary leak syndrome, postoperative, 222–223
Carbon dioxide
in cardiac output measurement, before and after cardiopulmonary bypass, 563–572
for deairing, in air embolism prevention, 180–184
end-tidal, monitoring of, in systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt insertion, 152–155
Cardiac arrest
in left atrial myxoma, resuscitation in, 769–771
in prosthetic aortic valve dehiscence, 812–813
Cardiac output, measurement of
in CABG surgery, off-pump, 43–46
before and after cardiopulmonary bypass, methods for, 563–572
continuous, methods for, 185–189
indirect Fick method for, 47–52
in one-lung ventilation, 190–193
Cardiomyopathy, dilated, treatment of, in pediatric patients, 772–774
Cardioplegia, blood for, salvage application of, in intraoperative ventricular fibrillation, 641–644
Cardiopulmonary bypass
activated coagulation time in, arterial vs. venous, 573–580
air embolism in, 112–113
aortic interruption during, 469–471
aprotinin in, stroke after, in pediatric patients, 194–196
atrial natriuretic peptide levels in, 30–33
bicaval venous cannulation in, obstruction detection in, 293–303
cardiac biomarker release in, 34–37
cardiac output measurement before and after, 563–572
cerebral blood flow and metabolism in, hemodilution and phenylephrine effects on, 423–428
cerebral function monitoring in, 645–656
C-reactive protein kinetics after, in pediatric patients, 160–165
deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in, femoral-to-radial arterial pressure gradient in, 175–179
duration of, kidney failure risk and, 442–445
extubation timing after, pain assessment in, 64–67
heparin in, resistance development in, 131–135
isoflurane in, minimum alveolar concentration and, 620–623
kidney failure after, 442–445
mesenteric blood flow after, Doppler studies of, 731–733
for mitral valve replacement, in pregnancy, 339–343
multisystem organ failure after, 366–374
myocardial protection in. See Myocardial protection
in narcolepsy, anesthesia safety in, 201–203
platelet dysfunction in, heparin and, 93–94
procalcitonin kinetics after, in pediatric patients, 160–165
pulmonary artery perfusion during, importance of, 166–174
pulmonary artery pressures after, milrinone and nitric oxide effects on, in pediatric patients, 156–159
pump priming in, albumin vs. crystalloid for, 429–437
quinaprilat in, hemodynamic results of, 47–52
rewarming garment for, in pediatric patients, 148–151
separation from
inotrope use in, 401–403, 404–408
unsuccessful, 242–244
in sickle cell trait, exchange transfusion requirements in, 663–667
for simultaneous atrial septal defect and emphysematous bullae repair, 632–636
superior vena caval partial occlusion during, 472–474
CardioThoracic Systems coronary stabilizer, 487
Carotid artery(ies)
endarterectomy of
myocardial ischemia in, risk factors for, 288–292
shunting in, 375–383
thrombosis of, after cardiopulmonary bypass, with aprotinin, in pediatric patients, 194–196
Catheter(s)
central venous. See Central venous catheter
cerebrospinal fluid, in transmediastinal repair of aortic aneurysm, 624–627
epidural, hematoma from, 759–762
multiperforated, for carbon dioxide deairing, 180–184
pulmonary artery. See Pulmonary artery catheter
Caval inflow occlusion technique, for congenital heart disease repair, 144–147
Cavopulmonary anastomosis, superior vena caval partial occlusion during, 472–474
Cell-washing systems, for autotransfusion, continuous vs. discontinuous, 210–217
Central venous catheter
infections due to, prospective study of, 304–308
mediastinal misplacement of, 75–77
in persistent left superior vena cava, 529–531
placement of, measurement differences and, 446–450
Central venous pressure
in fluid management, in liver transplantation, 438–441
vs. peripheral venous pressure, patient position and, 446–450
Cervical necrotizing fasciitis, vacuum-assisted closure for, 336–338
Chest radiography, exterior epidural connector rings showing on, 673–674
Chest trauma, pumpless extracorporeal lung assist in, 777–779
Children. See Pediatric patients
Circulating-water rewarming, for pediatric patients, 148–151
Circulatory arrest, deep hypothermic, femoral-to-radial arterial pressure gradient in, 175–179
Cisapride, postoperative, for pediatric patients, 222–223
Coagulation
intraoperative assessment of, 573–580
ionized calcium concentration and, 581–586
in off-pump CABG surgery, 492
Coarctation, aortic
coronary artery anomalous origin and, 327–331
jet ventilation during, 207–209
Cognitive dysfunction, in off-pump CABG surgery, 489–491
Cohn Stabilizer, for off-pump CABG surgery, 487–488
Color Doppler studies, in patent foramen ovale, 725–730
Complement, release of, from cell-washing autotransfusion systems, 214
Complications, perioperative, NHBLI recommendations on, 1–6
Computed tomography, in pseudoaneurysm from pulmonary artery catheter, 668–670
Congenital anomalies, difficult intubation in, 610–612
Congenital heart disease
bicaval venous cannulation in, obstruction detection in, 293–303
caval inflow occlusion technique for, in pediatric patients, 144–147
heart block, pacemaker implantation for, 628–629
postoperative intensive care for, in pediatric patients, 218–227
pulmonary artery shunt insertion in, end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during, 152–155
pulmonary hypertension in, brain natriuretic peptide and, 783, 784
repair of
cerebral function monitoring in, 645–656
ketorolac for, 454–457
superior vena caval partial occlusion during, 472–474
Congestive heart failure
brain natriuretic peptide and, 780–787
in pregnancy, mitral valve replacement for, 339–343
Conservation, blood. See Blood conservation
Constant-flow ventilation, in postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 221
Continuous autotransfusion system, 210–217
complement release in, 214
cytokine release in, 214
fat elimination in, 214
leukocyte quality in, 212–214
platelet quality in, 211–212
principles of, 210
red cell quality in, 211
tumor cell removal in, 214–215
Contractility, left ventricular blood flow velocity and, 415–422
Contusion, lung, pumpless extracorporeal lung assist in, 777–779
Coronary artery(ies)
angioplasty of, brain natriuretic peptide and, 782–783
anomalous origin of
with aortic coarctation, 327–331
in left sinus of Valsalva, 788–798
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery
adhesion molecules after, simvastatin effects on, 605–609
anesthesia induction in, remifentanil vs. fentanyl for, 263–268
aortic pseudoaneurysm after, 527–528
atrial fibrillation in, amiodarone and epidural analgesia and, 709–714
atrial tachyarrhythmias after, magnesium and sotalol effects on, 309–312
brain natriuretic peptide and, 782–783
cardiac biomarker release in, 34–37
cerebral oxygen saturation in, neurologic dysfunction and, 552–558
diclofenac after, 742–747
electrocardiographic changes after, 38–42
emboli in, 545–547, 548–551
endothelin production in, off-pump vs. conventional, 25–29
endotracheal intubation in, stress response to, 275–280
extubation after, vs. anesthesia type, 613–619
glycemic control after, 690–697
inflammatory response in, proprofol effects on, 592–604
inotropic agents after, 401–403, 404–408
ischemic preconditioning for, 799–805
kidney dysfunction in, 492, 545–547, 548–551
multisystem organ failure after, 366–374
myocardial protection in. See Myocardial protection
in narcolepsy, anesthesia safety in, 201–203
off-pump, 486–505
anastomosis quality in, 493–494
anesthesia for, 488–489
for anomalous coronary artery correction, 788–798
approach to, 487
arteriotomy bleeding in, 488
atrial fibrillation in, 492–493, 704–708
blood loss in, 492
cardiac biomarker release in, 34–37
cardiac output monitoring during, 43–46
cardiovascular dysfunction in, 491–492
coagulation disorders in, 492
cost savings with, 493
duration of stay and, 493
electrocardiographic changes after, 38–42
endothelin production in, 25–29
exposure for, 487
future of, 496
hemodynamic instability in, 488
high thoracic epidural anesthesia for, 256–262
in high-risk patients, 494
historic background of, 486–487
indications for, 488
intrathecal morphine for, 451–453
kidney dysfunction in, 492
limitations of, 495–496
mortality in, 493
myocardial protection in, 488
neurocognitive effects of, 489–491
outcome of, 495
patient-controlled analgesia for, 755–758
pulmonary dysfunction in, 491, 698–703
quality of life considerations in, 494–495
reappraisal of, 253–255
stabilization in, 487–488
stroke in, 489–491
systemic impact of, 489–495
systemic inflammatory response in, 489
transfusion requirements for, 492
oxycodone during and after, 748–754
patent foramen ovale diagnosis during, 101–106
perioperative enoximone in, 409–414
pulmonary artery pseudoaneurym after, computed tomography in, 668–670
pulmonary dysfunction in, 698–703
sheared catheter wire in, 765–766
ventricular pseudoaneurysm after, 671–672
in women, 344–352
long-term mortality in, 347
morbidity in, 347–348
research on, 348–350
short-term mortality in, 345–347
Corticosteroids, preoperative, delayed-onset adrenal insufficiency despite, 80–81
Cost(s)
of blood conservation, 22S
of off-pump CABG surgery, 493
of perioperative complications, NHBLI recommendations on, 1–6
of transfusions, 2S–3S, 15S
Cost-effectiveness
of blood conservation, 26S–27S
of perioperative beta-blockade, 7–13
C-reactive protein, kinetics of, after cardiopulmonary bypass, in pediatric patients, 160–165
Creatinine, elevation of, after CABG surgery, vs. emboli count, 548–551
Creutzfeld-Jacob disease organisms, new variant, in blood supply, 1S–2S
Crystalloid, for pump priming, vs. albumin, 429–437
Cyanosis, pulmonary artery shunt insertion in, end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during, 152–155
Cytochrome P450 family, pharmacogenetics of, 357–359
Cytokines, release of
in CABG surgery, propofol effects on, 592–604
from cell-washing autotransfusion systems, 214
intraoperative, quinaprilat effects on, 47–52
in myocardium, sevoflurane effects on, 269–274
Danaparoid, for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, 95
Deairing, carbon dioxide for, 180–184
Decision modeling, of perioperative beta-blockade strategies, in aortic aneurysm surgery, 7–13
Desflurane
for cardiac pheochromocytoma resection, 630–631
for ischemic preconditioning, 803
Diabetes mellitus
CABG surgery in, glycemic control in, 690–697
cardiac surgery in, kidney failure risk in, 442–445
Diastolic dysfunction, brain natriuretic peptide and, 780–782
Diclofenac, after CABG surgery, 742–747
Dilated cardiomyopathy, treatment of, in pediatric patients, 772–774
Discontinuous autotransfusion system, 210–217
complement release in, 214
cytokine release in, 214
fat elimination in, 214
leukocyte quality in, 212–214
platelet quality in, 211–212
principles of, 210
red cell quality in, 211
tumor cell removal in, 214–215
Diuretics
for liver transplantation, 438–441
postoperative, for pediatric patients, 222
DNA analysis, in pharmacogenetics, 354–355
Dobutamine
for cardiopulmonary bypass separation, 404–408
left ventricular pressure-relationship indices and, 415–422
Dopamine
for cardiopulmonary bypass separation, 404–408
for postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 220
Doppler studies
esophageal, in continuous cardiac output measurement, 185–189
in mesenteric blood flow alterations, after cardiopulmonary bypass, 731–733
in patent foramen ovale, 725–730
transcranial, in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 647–648
Down syndrome, difficult intubation in, 610–612
Ductus arteriosus, patent, interruption of, in cardiopulmonary bypass, 469–471
Echocardiography
in aortic pseudoaneurysm, 527–528
in left ventricular pressure-relationship indices measurement, 415–422
transesophageal. See Transesophageal echocardiography
Edema
postoperative, in pediatric patients, 222
pulmonary, in off-pump CABG surgery, 491
Editorials
blood glucose control, 687–689
cardiopulmonary bypass separation, 401–403
Electrocardiography
after CABG surgery, 38–42
in general anesthesia, with cardiovascular disease, 281–287
Electroencephalography, in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 647
Embolectomy, femoral, atrial appendage thrombosis dislodgment in, transesophageal echocardiography in, 809–811
Embolism
air. See Air embolism
in CABG surgery, 545–547, 548–551
iliac artery, from sinus of Valsalva thrombus, 384–386
pulmonary, removal of, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in, femoral-to-radial arterial pressure gradient in, 175–179
Emergency surgery, bloodstream infections in, 304–308
Emphysematous bullae, atrial septal defect with, simultaneous repair of, 632–636
Endarterectomy, carotid
myocardial ischemia in, risk factors for, 288–292
shunting in, 375–383
Endothelin, in CABG surgery, off-pump vs. conventional, 25–29
Endotracheal intubation
difficult, in pediatric patients, 610–612
double-lumen, tracheobronchial rupture from, 228–233
extubation in
vs. anesthesia type, 613–619
timing of, postoperative pain and, 64–67
stress in, laryngoscopy vs. laryngeal mask airway for, 275–280
Enflurane, for ischemic preconditioning, 803
Enoximone, for CABG surgery, 409–414
Enterobacter, in central venous catheter-related infections, 304–308
Epidural analgesia and anesthesia
for atrial fibrillation, after CABG surgery, 709–714
hematoma from, 759–762
for off-pump CABG surgery, 256–262
thoracic, neurologic deficits due to, 512–520
during and after thoracotomy, 317–321, 458–460
Epinephrine
for cardiopulmonary bypass separation, 404–408
for postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 220
Epsilon aminocaproic acid, for blood conservation, 38S
in pediatric patients, 141–143
Erythropoietin
for postoperative anemia, 59–63
for preoperative autologous blood donation, 6S–7S, 29S
Escherichia coli, in central venous catheter-related infections, 304–308
Esmolol, perioperative, in aortic aneurysm surgery, cost-effectiveness of, 7–13
Esophageal Doppler studies, for continuous cardiac output measurement, 185–189
Esophagectomy, left lower lobe collapse after, ventilation for, 482–485
Esophagus, tear of, in transesophageal echocardiography, 78–79
Exchange transfusions, in sickle cell trait, for cardiopulmonary bypass, 663–667
Extracorporeal lung assist, for blunt trauma, 777–779
Extubation
in off-pump CABG surgery, intrathecal morphine effects on, 451–453
timing of
vs. anesthesia type, 613–619
postoperative pain and, 64–67
Fasciitis, necrotizing, vacuum-assisted closure for, 336–338
Fat, removal of, from cell-washing autotransfusion systems, 214
Femoral embolectomy, atrial appendage thrombus dislodgment in, transesophageal echocardiography in, 809–811
Femoral-to-radial arterial pressure gradient, in deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, 175–179
Fentanyl
interpleural, for post-thoracotomy pain, 461–465
patient-controlled, for off-pump CABG surgery, 755–758
vs. remifentanil, for induction, in cardiac disease, 263–268
Fibroelastoma, papillary, of aortic valve, 114
Fick technique, indirect, for pulmonary blood flow measurement, 47–52
Fluid management
in liver transplantation, 438–441
postoperative, in pediatric patients, 222–223
Fontan-type operations, postoperative care in, 224–225
Foramen ovale, patent
intraoperative diagnosis of, 101–106
pulmonary artery catheter for, 763–764
transesophageal echocardiography in, 725–730
Foreign objects, left in valve replacement, 242–244
Free radicals, in CABG surgery, propofol effects on, 592–604
Furosemide, postoperative, for pediatric patients, 222
Gas, blood, monitoring of, during thoracoscopic surgery, 587–591
Gas-diffuser device, for carbon dioxide deairing, 180–184
Gender differences. See also Women
in kidney failure, after cardiac surgery, 442–445
in pharmacogenetics, 355
General anesthesia
for off-pump CABG surgery, 488–489
high thoracic epidural anesthesia with, 256–262
QT dispersion in, in peripheral vascular disease and silent myocardial ischemia, 281–287
Genetic factors, in anesthesia. See Pharmacogenetics
Glucose control, in intensive care, 690–697
Glycocalicin, heparin and, 93–94
Glycoproteins, platelet, heparin and, 93–94
Granuloma, subglottic, after lung resection, 479–481
Halothane
arrhythmias due to, in magnesium deficiency, 313–316
left ventricular pressure-relationship indices and, 415–422
Heart
myxoma of, atrial, cardiac arrest in, resuscitation in, 769–771
pheochromocytoma of, resection of, 630–631
rupture of, in anesthesia induction, 767–768
transplantation of, brain natriuretic peptide and, 782
univentricular, brain natriuretic peptide and, 783, 784
Heart block, congenital, pacemaker implantation for, 628–629
Heart failure
brain natriuretic peptide and, 780–787
in pregnancy, mitral valve replacement for, 339–343
Hematocrit, in transfusion decision making, 234–241
Hematoma, from thoracic epidural analgesia, 759–762
Hemodilution
in cardiopulmonary bypass, cerebral blood flow and, 423–428
for preoperative autologous blood donation, 7S–8S
Hemodynamics
in endotracheal intubation, induction effects on, 263–268
intraoperative, quinaprilat effects on, 47–52
in liver transplantation, 438–441
in off-pump CABG surgery, 488
support of, for postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 219–221
Heparin, 93–100
activated coagulation time measurement with, 573–580
aldosterone and, 96–97
antithrombin III and, 93
chemical structure of, 93
inflammation and, 95–96
lipid metabolism and, 97
malignancy and, 96
metabolism and, 97
osteoporosis and, 97
platelets and, 93–94
preoperative, resistance development in, 131–135
resistance to, 129–135
thrombin and, 93
thrombocytopenia induced by, 94–95
thyroid hormones and, 97
Histamine, release of, in CABG surgery, oxycodone and, 748–754
Hyperglycemia, control of, in intensive care, 690–697
Hyperkalemia, heparin-induced, 96–97
Hypertension, pulmonary
brain natriuretic peptide and, 783
lung transplantation for, severe intraoperative hypoxemia in, 204–206
milrinone and nitric oxide effects on, after cardiopulmonary bypass, in pediatric patients, 156–159
sildenafil with nitric oxide for, 775–776
Hyperthermia, malignant, pharmacogenetics of, 355–356
Hyperventilation therapy, in postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 221
Hypothermia, cerebral, monitoring of, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 646–647
Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, circulating-water rewarming garment for, in pediatric patients, 148–151
Hypoxemia, in single-lung transplantation, 204–206
Iliac artery, embolism in, from sinus of Valsalva thrombus, 384–386
Indirect Fick technique, for pulmonary blood flow measurement, 47–52
Indomethacin, after thoracotomy, 458–460
Induction, in cardiac disease, remifentanil vs. fentanyl for, 263–268
Infants. See Pediatric patients
Infarction
mesenteric, surgery for, prognostic factors in, 734–741
myocardial. See Myocardial infarction
Infections, central venous catheter-related, prospective study of, 304–308
Inflammation
in CABG surgery
off-pump vs. conventional, 25–29
propofol effects on, 592–604
heparin and, 95–96
intraoperative quinaprilat for, hemodynamic results of, 47–52
Inflow occlusion, for congenital heart disease repair, 144–147
Inotropic agents
for CABG surgery, 409–414
for cardiopulmonary bypass separation, 401–403, 404–408
Insufflation, carbon dioxide, in air embolism prevention, 180–184
Insulin, for glycemic control, in intensive care, 690–697
Integrins, heparin and, 95
Intensive care
glycemic control in, 690–697
for pediatric patients, 218–227
antidiuretics in, 222
anti-inflammatory drugs in, 222
fluid management, 222–223
gastrointestinal interventions in, 222–223
inhaled nitric oxide in, 218–219
mechanical ventilation in, 221
pharmacologic hemodynamic support in, 219–221
thyroid hormones in, 222
in univentricular physiology, 223–224
personnel directing, 521–526
Intercellular adhesion molecule, after CABG surgery, simvastatin effects on, 605–609
Intercostal nerve block, for video-assisted thoracoscopy, 317–321
Interleukin(s), in CABG surgery, propofol effects on, 592–604
Interleukin-6, release of, in myocardium, sevoflurane effects on, 269–274
Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation
bloodstream infections in, 304–308
kidney failure risk with, 442–445
Intrapulmonary shunt, measurement of, indirect Fick method for, 47–52
Intubation, endotracheal. See Endotracheal intubation
Iron hydroxide sucrose complex, intravenous, for postoperative anemia, 59–63
Ischemia
mesenteric, surgery for, prognostic factors in, 734–741
myocardial. See Myocardial ischemia
Isoflurane
for CABG surgery, extubation time with, 613–619
for ischemic preconditioning, 803
minimum alveolar concentration of, in cardiopulmonary bypass, 620–623
Jugular bulb oximetry, in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 648
Jugular vein, left internal, pseudoaneurysm of, from venipuncture, 806–808
Ketobemidone, for postoperative pain, extubation timing and, 64–67
Ketorolac, for postoperative pain, in congenital heart surgery, 454–457
Kidney, dysfunction/failure of
in CABG surgery, 366–374, 545–547, 548–551
off-pump, 492
after cardiac surgery, incidence and risk of, 442–445
Laryngeal mask airway and laryngoscopy, stress response in, 275–280
Laser revascularization
percutaneous, vs. transmyocardial laser revascularization, 87
transmyocardial, review of, 85–92
Lepirudin, for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, 95
Letters to the editor
abdominal wall mucormycosis after heart transplantation, 822–823
atrial septal defect vs. patent foramen ovale, 824
combined transesophageal echocardiography and laryngeal mask airway, 395–396
correlation of bispectral index with tet spells, 682–683
defective triple-lumen catheter, 680–681
endothelin release after off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 680
esophageal Doppler monitoring in off-pump surgery, 539–541
heparin reversal in coronary artery bypass surgery, 394–395
high thoracic epidural anesthesia for coronary artery bypass surgery, 392–394
inadvertent high dose epinephrine administration, 121
liver transplantation anesthesia, 825–826
massive epistaxis from nasopharyngeal probe, 123–124
nasopharyngeal angiofibroma with hemophilia A, 819
paravalvular abscess after aortic valve replacement, 820–821
propofol infusion into cardiopulmonary bypass pump, 122–123
pyruvate-fortified cardioplegia, 537–539
recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy after esophagectomy, 822
venous air embolism, 681–682
Leukocytes, quality of, from cell-washing autotransfusion systems, 212–214
Levosimendan, for dilated cardiomyopathy, 772–774
Lidocaine, epidural, after thoracotomy, 458–460
Lipid metabolism, heparin and, 97
Lipid peroxidation, in CABG surgery, propofol effects on, 592–604
Lipoproteins, heparin and, 97
Lithotomy position, vs. peripheral and central venous pressures, 446–450
Liver
dysfunction of, after CABG surgery, 366–374
transplantation of
blood conservation in, 31S–37S
fluid management in, 438–441
Lobectomy, for living-related lung transplantation, 506–511
Lung
biopsy of, video-assisted thoracoscopy in, intercostal nerve block for, 317–321
blood flow in, measurement of, indirect Fick method for, 47–52
dysfunction of, in CABG surgery, 491, 698–703
emphysematous bullae in, atrial septal defect with, simultaneous repair of, 632–636
extracorporeal assist for, in blunt trauma, 777–779
perfusion of, importance of, 166–174
resection of, subglottic granuloma after, 479–481
transplantation of
intraoperative hypoxemia during, 204–206
living-related, 506–511
Mac-1, heparin and, 95
Mad cow disease organisms, in blood supply, 1S–2S
Magnesium
for atrial tachyarrhythmias, after CABG surgery, 309–312
deficiency of, arrhythmias in, during anesthesia, 313–316
Malignant hyperthermia, pharmacogenetics of, 355–356
Malondialdehyde, in CABG surgery, propofol effects on, 592–604
Mediastinum
central venous catheter placement in, 75–77
necrotizing fasciitis of, vacuum-assisted closure for, 336–338
Medivent RTX respirator, for left lower lobe collapse, after esophagectomy, 482–485
Mesenteric blood flow, after cardiopulmonary bypass, Doppler studies of, 731–733
Mesenteric infarction, surgery for, prognostic factors in, 734–741
Metabolism, drug, genetic variations in. See Pharmacogenetics
Metastasis, heparin action in, 96
Methylprednisolone, postoperative, for pediatric patients, 222
Metoprolol, perioperative, in aortic aneurysm surgery, cost-effectiveness of, 7–13
Milrinone
for cardiopulmonary bypass separation, 404–408
for pediatric patients, 220
pulmonary artery pressure effects of, after cardiopulmonary bypass, 156–159
Mitral valve
regurgitation of, brain natriuretic peptide and, 783
replacement of
atrial natriuretic peptide levels in, 30–33
cardiopulmonary bypass separation after, 404–408
gauze object left during, 242–244
left atrial thrombus formation after, 637–640
in pregnancy, 339–343
surgery on, kidney failure risk in, 442–445
Monitoring, in carotid endarterectomy, 375–383
Morphine, for off-pump CABG surgery
intrathecal, 451–453
patient-controlled, 755–758
Mortality
in CABG surgery, in women, 345–348
in mesenteric infarction, 734–741
in off-pump CABG surgery, 493
Multidrug resistance transporter, genetic variations in, 359
Multiperforated catheter, for carbon dioxide deairing, 180–184
Multisystem organ failure, after CABG surgery, 366–374
Myocardial infarction
in aortic aneurysm surgery, beta-blockers for, 7–13
in noncardiac surgery, beta-blockers for, 14–24
ventricular rupture in, in anesthesia induction, 767–768
Myocardial ischemia
in CABG surgery
enoximone for, 409–414
off-pump, 491
for preconditioning, 799–805
silent, general anesthesia in, QT dispersion in, 281–287
Myocardial protection
enoximone for, 409–414
ischemic preconditioning for, 799–805
in off-pump CABG surgery, 488
sevoflurane for, 269–274
Myocarditis, treatment of, in pediatric patients, 772–774
Myxoma, atrial, cardiac arrest in, resuscitation in, 769–771
Nadoparin, for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, 95
Narcolepsy, cardiac surgery in, anesthesia safety in, 201–203
National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute (NHLBI), perioperative medicine recommendations of, 1–6
Natriuretic peptide, brain. See Brain natriuretic peptide
Nausea and vomiting, postoperative, acupressure wristbands for, 68–71
Near-infrared spectroscopy, in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 648–649
Necrotizing fasciitis, vacuum-assisted closure for, 336–338
Nesiritide, for heart failure, 784–785
Neurologic complications
in CABG surgery
off-pump, 489–491
prevention of, aortic atherosclerosis detection for, 715–718
in cerebral oxygen desaturation, 552–558
in thoracic epidural supplementation, 512–520
Neurologic function, monitoring of, in pediatric patients, 645–656
biochemical markers in, 650–652
bispectral index monitor in, 647
electroencephalography in, 647
jugular bulb oximetry in, 648
multimodality, 652–653
near-infrared spectroscopy in, 648–649
temperature measurement, 646–647
transcranial Doppler studies in, 647–648
NHLBI (National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute), perioperative medicine recommendations of, 1–6
Nitric oxide
inhaled, with sildenafil, for pulmonary hypertension, 775–776
for postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 218–219
pulmonary artery pressure effects of, after cardiopulmonary bypass, in pediatric patients, 156–159
Nitroglycerin, for liver transplantation, 438–441
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, after CABG surgery, 742–747
Norepinephrine, for liver transplantation, 438–441
Norwood operation, postoperative care in, 223–224
Octopus Stabilization System, for off-pump CABG surgery, 487
Off-pump CABG surgery. See Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, off-pump
One-lung ventilation, cardiac output measurement in, 190–193
OPCAB. See Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, off-pump
Orthopedic surgery
blood conservation in, 29S–30S, 40S–41S
with cardiovascular disease, general anesthesia in, 281–287
Osteoporosis, heparin-induced, 97
Outcomes, of perioperative beta-blockade, in aortic aneurysm surgery, 7–13
Oximetry, jugular bulb, in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 648
Oxycodone, during and after CABG surgery, 748–754
Oxygen saturation
cerebral, neuropsychologic dysfunction and, 552–558
monitoring of, in systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt insertion, 152–155
Pacemaker, for congenital heart block, 628–629
Pain, postoperative. See Postoperative pain
Papillary fibroelastoma, of aortic valve, 114
Paracetamol, after CABG surgery, 742–747
Paratrend blood gas monitoring system, during thoracoscopic surgery, 587–591
Partial rebreathing, in cardiac output measurement, before and after cardiopulmonary bypass, 563–572
Patent ductus arteriosus, interruption of, in cardiopulmonary bypass, 469–471
Patent foramen ovale
intraoperative diagnosis of, 101–106
pulmonary artery catheter for, 763–764
transesophageal echocardiography in, 725–730
Patient-controlled analgesia, for off-pump CABG surgery, 755–758
Pediatric patients
absent right superior vena cava with persistent left superior vena cava in, 332–335
aortic coarctation repair in
with coronary artery anomalous origin, 327–331
jet ventilation during, 207–209
bicaval venous cannulation in, obstruction detection in, 293–303
blood loss prevention in, epsilon aminocaproic acid vs. tranexamic acid for, 141–143
cardiopulmonary bypass in
aortic interruption during, 469–471
procalcitonin and C-reactive protein kinetics after, 160–165
pulmonary artery pressures after, milrinone and nitric oxide effects on, 156–159
cavopulmonary anastomosis in, superior vena caval partial occlusion during, 472–474
congenital heart disease in
caval inflow occlusion technique for, 144–147
repair of, postoperative ketorolac for, 454–457
dilated cardiomyopathy in, treatment of, 772–774
heart block in, pacemaker implantation for, 628–629
hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in, rewarming garment for, 148–151
intubation of, difficult, 610–612
postoperative intensive care for, 218–227
pulmonary hypertension in, sildenafil with nitric oxide for, 775–776
stroke in, after cardiopulmonary bypass with aprotinin, 194–196
Perioperative medicine, NHBLI recommendations on, 1–6
Peripheral vascular disease, general anesthesia in, QT dispersion in, 281–287
Peripheral venous pressure, vs. central venous pressure, patient position and, 446–450
Peroxidation, lipid, in CABG surgery, propofol effects on, 592–604
Persistent left superior vena cava, central venous catheter in, 529–531
Pharmacogenetics, 353–365
allele frequencies in, 355
of beta-adrenergic receptor, 359–360
of cytochrome P450 family, 357–359
gender differences in, 355
gene structure and, 353–354
genetic variation and, 354
in malignant hyperthermia, 355–356
of multidrug resistance transporter, 359
nomenclature of, 355–357
polymorphism-drug metabolism phenotype and, 355
in pseudocholinesterase deficiency, 356–357
testing in, 354–355
Phenylephrine
in cardiopulmonary bypass, cerebral blood flow and, 423–428
for liver transplantation, 438–441
Pheochromocytoma, cardiac, resection of, 630–631
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
for CABG surgery, 409–414
for postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 220
Platelets
aggregometry of, for platelet dysfunction assessment, 136–140
cardiopulmonary bypass effects on, pump priming fluid and, 429–437
deficiency of, heparin-induced, 94–95
dysfunction of
aspirin-induced, 136–140
heparin-induced, 93–94
quality of, from cell-washing autotransfusion systems, 211–212
Plateletworks analyzer, for platelet dysfunction assessment, 136–140
Pleura, biopsy of, video-assisted thoracoscopy in, intercostal nerve block for, 317–321
Pleural space, anesthetic administration into, for post-thoracotomy pain, 461–465
Pleurectomy, video-assisted thoracoscopy in, intercostal nerve block for, 317–321
Position, patient, vs. peripheral and central venous pressures, 446–450
Post cardiopulmonary bypass myocardial dysfunction, enoximone for, 409–414
Postoperative pain
in CABG surgery
diclofenac and paracetamol for, 742–747
off-pump, patient-controlled analgesia for, 755–758
oxycodone for, 748–754
epidural analgesia for, neurologic deficits due to, 512–520
extubation timing and, 64–67
thoracic epidural analgesia for, atrial fibrillation and, 709–714
in thoracotomy
epidural local anesthetics for, 458–460
intercostal nerve block vs. morphine for, 317–321
interpleural bupivacaine with fentanyl for, 461–465
in video-assisted thoracoscopy, 317–322
Prednisolone, postoperative, for pediatric patients, 222
Prednisone, preoperative, delayed-onset adrenal insufficiency despite, 80–81
Procalcitonin, kinetics of, after cardiopulmonary bypass, in pediatric patients, 160–165
Prone position, vs. peripheral and central venous pressures, 446–450
Propofol
for CABG surgery
extubation time with, 613–619
lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response effects of, 592–604
safety of, in narcolepsy, 201–203
Proteus, in central venous catheter-related infections, 304–308
Pseudoaneurysm
aortic, echocardiography of, 527–528
left internal jugular vein, from venipuncture, 806–808
pulmonary artery, from catheter, computed tomography in, 668–670
ventricular, behind left atrium, 671–672
Pseudocholinesterase deficiency, 356–357
Pulmonary artery
perfusion of, importance of, 166–174
shunt insertion in, end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during, 152–155
Pulmonary artery catheter
gravity-driven fluid infusions through, interruption of, 72–74
guided insertion of, transesophageal echocardiography in, 658–662
for patent foramen ovale reduction, 763–764
pseudoaneurym due to, computed tomography in, 668–670
Pulmonary artery pressure, milrinone and nitric oxide effects on, after cardiopulmonary bypass, in pediatric patients, 156–159
Pulmonary artery thermodilution, for cardiac output measurement
continuous, 185–189
in one-lung ventilation, 190–193
Pulmonary blood flow, measurement of, indirect Fick method for, 47–52
Pulmonary edema, in off-pump CABG surgery, 491
Pulmonary embolism, removal of, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in, femoral-to-radial arterial pressure gradient in, 175–179
Pulmonary fibrosis, living-related lung transplantation in, 506–511
Pulmonary hypertension
brain natriuretic peptide and, 783, 784
lung transplantation for, severe intraoperative hypoxemia in, 204–206
postoperative, in pediatric patients, 218–219
sildenafil with nitric oxide for, 775–776
Pulse contour analysis, for continuous cardiac output measurement, 185–189
QT dispersion, in general anesthesia, with cardiovascular disease, 281–287
Quality of life, in off-pump CABG surgery, 494–495
Quinaprilat, intraoperative, hemodynamic results of, 47–52
Rebreathing, partial, in cardiac output measurement, before and after cardiopulmonary bypass, 563–572
Red blood cells, quality of, from cell-washing autotransfusion systems, 211
Remifentanil
for cardiac pheochromocytoma resection, 630–631
vs. fentanyl, for induction, in cardiac disease, 263–268
patient-controlled, for off-pump CABG surgery, 755–758
safety of, in narcolepsy, 201–203
Resistance, heparin, 129–130
Respiratory disorders, in off-pump CABG surgery, 451–453, 491
Resuscitation
in atrial myxoma, 769–771
in cardiac rupture, 767–768
Revascularization. See also Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery
laser, transmyocardial, review of, 85–92
percutaneous, vs. transmyocardial laser revascularization, 87
Rewarming, circulating-water garment for, in pediatric patients, 148–151
Risk assessment, perioperative, NHBLI recommendations on, 1–6
S-100 protein, in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 650–652
Sedation, assessment of, midlatency auditory-evoked potentials in, 559–562
Selectins
after CABG surgery, simvastatin effects on, 605–609
heparin and, 95–96
Sepsis, after cardiopulmonary bypass, in pediatric patients, 160–165
Septectomy, atrial, caval inflow occlusion in, in pediatric patients, 144–147
Sevoflurane
arrhythmias due to, in magnesium deficiency, 313–316
for CABG surgery, extubation time with, 613–619
for ischemic preconditioning, 803–804
for myocardial protection, 269–274
Shoulder pain, after thoracotomy, epidural analgesia for, 458–460
Shunt
brain natriuretic peptide and, 784
in carotid endarterectomy, 375–383
intrapulmonary, measurement of, indirect Fick method for, 47–52
Sickle cell trait, cardiopulmonary bypass in, exchange transfusion requirements in, 663–667
Sildenafil, with nitric oxide, for pulmonary hypertension, 775–776
Simvastatin, adhesion molecule effects of, after CABG surgery, 605–609
Sinus of Valsalva
right anomalous coronary artery originating in, 788–798
thrombosis of, in bicuspid aortic valve, 384–386
SonoSite ultrasound device, in aortic atherosclerosis, 715–718
Sotalol, for atrial tachyarrhythmias, after CABG surgery, 309–312
Spectroscopy, near-infrared
in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 648–649
for obstruction detection, in bicaval venous cannulation, 293–303
Stabilization, for off-pump CABG surgery, 487–488
Staphylococcus, in central venous catheter-related infections, 304–308
Stent, aortic, placement of, transesophageal echocardiography in, 466–468
Stress, in endotracheal intubation, laryngoscopy vs. laryngeal mask airway for, 275–280
Stroke
in carotid artery thrombosis, after cardiopulmonary bypass, with aprotinin, in pediatric patients, 194–196
in off-pump CABG surgery, 489–491
prevention of, in pediatric cardiac surgery, neuromonitoring for, 645–656
Stroke work, left ventricular blood flow velocity and, 415–422
Subglottic granuloma, after lung resection, 479–481
Superior vena cava, obstruction of, in cannulation, detection of, 293–303
Supine position, vs. peripheral and central venous pressures, 446–450
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
after CABG surgery, 366–374
after cardiopulmonary bypass, in pediatric patients, 160–165
intraoperative, quinaprilat effects on, 47–52
in off-pump CABG surgery, 489
Systemic vascular resistance, intraoperative, quinaprilat effects on, 47–52
Temperature, cerebral, monitoring of, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 646–647
Thermodilution
in cardiac output measurement, before and after cardiopulmonary bypass, 563–572
pulmonary artery, for cardiac output measurement
continuous, 185–189
in one-lung ventilation, 190–193
Thoracic epidural anesthesia
for atrial fibrillation, after CABG surgery, 709–714
hematoma from, 759–762
high, for off-pump CABG surgery, 256–262
Thoracoscopy
blood gas monitoring during, 587–591
video-assisted, intercostal nerve block for, 317–321
Thoracotomy, pain after
epidural local anesthetics for, 458–460
intercostal nerve block vs. morphine for, 317–321
interpleural bupivacaine with fentanyl for, 461–465
Thrombin, heparin binding to, 93
Thrombocytopenia, heparin-induced, 94–95
Thromboelastography, in ionized calcium vs. coagulation studies, 581–586
Thromboendarterectomy, pulmonary, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in, femoral-to-radial arterial pressure gradient in, 175–179
Thrombosis
atrial appendage, dislodgment of, in femoral embolectomy, 809–811
carotid artery, after cardiopulmonary bypass, with aprotinin, in pediatric patients, 194–196
left atrial, after mitral valve replacement, 637–640
sinus of Valsalva, in bicuspid aortic valve, 384–386
Thyroid hormones
heparin and, 97
postoperative, for pediatric patients, 222
Trachea
intubation of. See Endotracheal intubation
nonpenetrating traumatic transection of, 475–478
rupture of, in endotracheal intubation, 228–233
Tranexamic acid, for blood loss prevention, in pediatric patients, 141–143
Transcranial Doppler studies, in cerebral function monitoring, in pediatric cardiac surgery, 647–648
Transesophageal echocardiography
in anomalous coronary artery correction, 788–798
in aortic stent placement, 466–468
in aortic valve mass, 114
in atrial appendage thrombus dislodgment, 809–811
in CABG surgery
in cardiac output monitoring, 43–46
sheared catheter wire detection by, 765–766
in cardiopulmonary bypass separation, 401–403, 404–408
intraoperative
gauze object found in, 242–244
in noncardiac surgery, utility of, 107–111
in left atrial thrombus, 637–640
in patent foramen ovale, 101–106, 725–730
probe of, esophageal tear from, 78–79
in pulmonary artery catheter guided insertion, 658–662
in tricuspid regurgitation, 719–724
in ventricular pseudoaneurysm, 671–672
Transfusion(s)
blood conservation and. See Blood conservation
blood shortages for, 1S–2S
cell-washing autotransfusion systems for, continuous vs. discontinuous, 210–217
costs of, 2S–3S, 15S
demand for, 2S
efficacy of, 3S–4S
errors in, 15S
exchange, in sickle cell trait, for cardiopulmonary bypass, 663–667
hematocrit criteria for, 234–241
in liver transplantation, 438–441
for off-pump CABG surgery, 492
pathogens in, 1S
refusal of, by Jehovah’s Witness patient, 765–766
risks of, 234–235
Transmyocardial laser revascularization, 85–92
angiogenesis in, 86
background of, 85–86
candidates for, 87
clinical trials of, 87–90
lasers for, 86
myocardial necrosis in, 86
vs. percutaneous revascularization, 87
placebo effect in, 86
techniques for, 86–87
Transplantation
heart, brain natriuretic peptide and, 782
liver
blood conservation in, 31S–37S
fluid management in, 438–441
lung
intraoperative hypoxemia during, 204–206
living-related, 506–511
Transpulmonary aortic thermodilution, for cardiac output measurement, in one-lung ventilation, 190–193
Trauma
chest, pumpless extracorporeal lung assist in, 777–779
tracheal, management of, 475–478
Trendelenburg position, vs. peripheral and central venous pressures, 446–450
Tricuspid valve, regurgitation of, transesophageal echocardiography in, 719–724
Triiodothyronine, postoperative, for pediatric patients, 222
Troponin I, release of
in CABG surgery, 34–37, 409–414
off-pump, 491
in ischemic preconditioning, 803
Tube(s), endotracheal. See Endotracheal intubation
Tumor cells, removal of, from cell-washing autotransfusion systems, 214
Tumor necrosis factor-α, release of, in myocardium, sevoflurane effects on, 269–274
Turbidometric platelet aggregometry, for platelet dysfunction assessment, 136–140
Ultrasonography
in aortic atherosclerosis, 715–718
in cardiac output measurement, before and after cardiopulmonary bypass, 563–572
in mesenteric blood flow alterations, after cardiopulmonary bypass, 731–733
Univentricular heart
brain natriuretic peptide and, 783, 784
surgery for, postoperative care in, 223–225
Vacuum-assisted closure, for necrotizing fasciitis treatment, 336–338
Valve
aortic. See Aortic valve
mitral. See Mitral valve
Vascular cell adhesion molecule, after CABG surgery, simvastatin effects on, 605–609
Vasopressin, for postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 220
Vena cava
anomalies of, absent right superior vena cava with persistent left superior vena cava in, 332–335
obstruction of, detection of, 293–303
occlusion of, in atrial septectomy, 144–147
superior
persistent, central venous catheter in, 529–531
unintentional partial occlusion of, in cavopulmonary anastomosis, 472–474
Venipuncture, of left internal jugular vein, pseudoaneurysm formation in, 806–808
Venous infusion port, for pulmonary artery catheter, gravity-driven fluid infusions through, interruption of, 72–74
Venous pressure, peripheral, vs. central venous pressure, patient position and, 446–450
Ventilation
constant-flow, in pediatric patients, 221
after esophagectomy, for left lower lobe collapse, 482–485
jet, during aortic coarctation repair, 207–209
mechanical, in postoperative care, in pediatric patients, 221
one-lung, cardiac output measurement in, 190–193
with pumpless extracorporeal device, for blunt trauma, 777–779
volume-targeted, in pediatric patients, 221
Ventricle(s)
left
pressure overload of, brain natriuretic peptide and, 784
pressure-area relationship indices of, 415–422
pseudoaneurysm of, behind left atrium, 671–672
right, pressure overload of, brain natriuretic peptide and, 783
rupture of, in anesthesia induction, 767–768
Ventricular arrhythmias, after aortic valve replacement, controlled aortic root perfusion for, 197–200
Ventricular assist support, for dilated cardiomyopathy, 772–774
Ventricular fibrillation
after CABG surgery, 366
intraoperative, salvage with secondary blood cardioplegia, 641–644
Ventricular septal defect
brain natriuretic peptide and, 783, 784
pulmonary hypertension in, sildenafil with nitric oxide for, 775–776
repair of, aortic interruption during, 469–471
Video-assisted thoracoscopy, intercostal nerve block for, 317–321
Virginia Commonwealth University, blood conservation program of, 18S–23S
Visual analog scale, for pain assessment, extubation timing and, 64–67
Volume-targeted ventilation, in pediatric patients, 221
Vomiting, postoperative, acupressure wristbands for, 68–71
Warming garment, circulating-water, for pediatric patients, 148–151
Women, CABG surgery in, 344–352
long-term mortality in, 347
morbidity in, 347–348
preoperative presentation of, 344–345
research on, 348–350
short-term mortality in, 345–347
Wristbands, acupressure, for postoperative nausea and vomiting, 68–71
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