Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
Volume 20, Issue 4 , Pages 520-525, August 2006

Anesthetic Technique (Sufentanil Versus Ketamine Plus Midazolam) and Quantitative Electroencephalographic Changes After Cardiac Surgery

  • Francois J. Smith, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Anaesthesiology, Pretoria Academic Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Francois J. Smith, MD, Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 667, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
    • ,
  • Peter R. Bartel, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, Pretoria Academic Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
    • ,
  • Johan M. Hugo, MMed (Anes)

      Affiliations

    • Department of Anaesthesiology, Pretoria Academic Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
    • ,
  • Pieter J. Becker, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Unit for Biostatistics, Medical Research Council of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.

published online 06 April 2006.

Objectives: Cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with neurologic deterioration. Several interventions, including anesthetic techniques, have been designed to limit ischemic brain damage and have been evaluated in animals. Markers of neurologic injury may facilitate the assessment of these interventions in humans.

Design: A blinded randomized prospective study comparing 2 anesthetic techniques (one sufentanil-based, the other ketamine and midazolam–based) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Quantitative electroencephalography was used to detect postoperative neurologic injury.

Setting: Major teaching hospital.

Participants: Forty-two patients aged 18 to 70 years undergoing cardiac surgery.

Interventions: Patients were anesthetized with either a sufentanil-based or a ketamine and midazolam–based technique for cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Quantitative electroencephalography was performed preoperatively as well as 5 to 6 days postoperatively.

Measurements and Main Results: Quantitative electroencephalography outcome did not differ (p > 0.05) between the 2 groups. It showed significant deterioration between preoperative and postoperative assessments with a decrease in faster and an increase in slower frequencies. In addition, the alpha attenuation index decreased. This may reflect a decrease in alertness. Both the intergroup comparisons and the assessment of individual changes failed to reveal significant differences between the anesthetic techniques. The adjuvant use of isoflurane correlated with less deterioration of quantitative electroencephalographic variables.

Conclusions: The use of either sufentanil-based or ketamine and midazolam–based anesthetic techniques for cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass had no effects on a marker of postoperative neurologic injury (ie, quantitative electroencephalography).

Key words:  Neurologic outcome , cardiac surgery , ketamine , midazolam , sufentanil , quantitative electroencephalography

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PII: S1053-0770(05)00458-1

doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2005.11.014

Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
Volume 20, Issue 4 , Pages 520-525, August 2006

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