Correct transesophageal 4-chamber view. Note that LVOT and aortic valve are not seen.

Real-time 3D view using the “live” mode. A pyramidal data volume is obtained acquiring a real-time instantaneous image. A sweeping maneuver across the valve is performed starting at the anterior commissure and ending at the posterior commissure. In a similar fashion, the valve can be examined in its entirety with conventional 2D imaging.

Transesophageal 2-chamber view.

Transgastric 2-chamber view.

Type I dysfunction. Zone of coaptation lies within the annular plane.

Forme fruste. Represent an unclassifiable form of degenerative disease with elements of both fibroelastic deficiency and Barlow's disease.

IIIb dysfunction with normal diastolic opening of posterior leaflet, however, with systolic restriction (coaptation is beneath the annular plane).

The presence of a PISA shell should alarm the echocardiographer to the severity of a residual leak after mitral valve repair.

The same patient after pharmacologic treatment (fluid loading, β-blockade, and vasoconstriction). Note the reduction in heart rate.