Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
Volume 23, Issue 5 , Pages 589-593 , October 2009

Cardioprotection by Volatile Anesthetics: Established Scientific Principle or Lingering Clinical Uncertainty?

References 

  1. Bland JHL, Lowenstein E. Halothane-induced decrease in experimental myocardial ischemia in the non-failing canine heart. Anesthesiology. 1976;45:287–293
  2. Zaugg M, Lucchinetti E, Uecker M, et al. Anaesthetics and cardiac preconditioning (Part I. Signaling and cytoprotective mechanisms). Br J Anaesth. 2003;91:551–565
  3. Zaugg M, Lucchinetti E, Garcia C, et al. Anaesthetics and cardiac preconditioning (Part II. Clinical implications). Br J Anaesth. 2003;91:566–576
  4. Tanaka K, Ludwig LM, Kersten JR, et al. Mechanisms of cardioprotection by volatile anesthetics. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:707–721
  5. De Hert SG, Turani F, Mathur S, et al. Cardioprotection with volatile anesthetics: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:1584–1593
  6. Pagel PS. Postconditioning by volatile anesthetics: Salvaging ischemic myocardium at reperfusion by activation of prosurvival signaling. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2008;22:753–765
  7. Pagel PS. Cardioprotection by noble gases. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2009;(in press)
  8. Smul TM, Lange M, Redel A, et al. Desflurane-induced cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury depends on timing. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2009;23:600–606
  9. Lange M, Redel A, Smul TM, et al. Desflurane-induced preconditioning has a threshold that is lowered by repetitive application and is mediated by beta2-adrenergic receptors. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2009;23:607–613
  10. Baumert JH. Effect of xenon on isoflurane protection against experimental myocardial infarction. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2009;23:614–618
  11. Bignami E, Biondi-Zoccai G, Landoni G, et al. Volatile anesthetics reduce mortality in cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2009;23:594–599
  12. Deyhimy DI, Fleming NW, Brodkin IG, et al. Anesthetic preconditioning combined with postconditioing offers no additional benefit over preconditioning or postconditioning alone. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:316–324
  13. Pagel PS. When lack of addition really does add up. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:1863
  14. Smul TM, Lange M, Redel A, et al. Desflurane-induced preconditioning against myocardial infarction is mediated by nitric oxide. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:719–725
  15. Chiari PC, Bienengraeber MW, Weihrauch D, et al. Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase as a trigger and mediator of isoflurane-induced delayed preconditioning in rabbit myocardium. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:74–83
  16. Feng J, Fischer G, Lucchinetti E, et al. Infarct-remodeled myocardium is receptive to protection by isoflurane postconditioning (Role of protein kinase B/Akt signaling). Anesthesiology. 2006;104:1004–1014
  17. Krolikowski JG, Weihrauch D, Bienengraeber M, et al. Role of Erk1/2, p70s6K, and eNOS in isoflurane-induced cardioprotection during early reperfusion in vivo. Can J Anesth. 2006;53:174–182
  18. Tanaka K, Weihrauch D, Ludwig LM, et al. Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-regulated potassium channel opening acts as a trigger for isoflurane-induced preconditioning by generating reactive oxygen species. Anesthesiology. 2003;98:935–943
  19. Lange M, Smul TM, Blomeyer CA, et al. Role of the beta1-adrenergic pathway in anesthetic and ischemic preconditioning against myocardial infarction in the rabbit heart in vivo. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:503–510
  20. Lange M, Redel A, Lotz C, et al. Desflurane-induced postconditioning is mediated by beta-adrenergic signaling: Role of beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptors, protein kinase A, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Anesthesiology. 2009;110:516–528
  21. Preckel B, Weber NC, Sanders RD, et al. Molecular mechanisms transducing the anesthetic, analgesic, and organ-protective actions of xenon. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:187–197
  22. Pagel PS. Remote exposure to xenon produces delayed preconditioning against myocardial infarction: Additional evidence that noble gases are not biologically inert. Anesth Analg. 2008;107:1768–1771
  23. Baumert JH, Hein M, Gerets C, et al. The effect of xenon anesthesia on the size of experimental myocardial infarction. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:1200–1206
  24. Hein M, Roehl AB, Baumert JH, et al. Establishment of a porcine right ventricular infarction model for cardioprotective actions of xenon and isoflurane. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008;52:1194–1203
  25. Schwartz LM, Lagranha CJ. Ischemic postconditioning during reperfusion activates Akt and ERK without protecting against lethal myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in pigs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006;290:H1011–H1018
  26. Skyschally A, van Caster P, Boengler K, et al. Ischemic postconditioning in pigs: No causal role for RISK activation. Circ Res. 2009;104:15–18
  27. Hausenloy DJ, Yellon DM. New directions for protecting the heart against ischaemia-reperfusion injury: Targeting the Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase (RISK) pathway. Cardiovasc Res. 2004;61:448–460
  28. Pagel PS, Krolikowski JG, Amour J, et al. Morphine reduces the threshold of helium preconditioning against myocardial infarction: The role of opioid receptors in rabbits. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2009;23:619–624
  29. Roscoe AK, Christensen JD, Lynch C. Isoflurane, but not halothane, induces protection of human myocardium via adenosine A1 receptors and adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:1692–1701
  30. Hanouz JL, Yvon A, Massetti M, et al. Mechanisms of desflurane-induced preconditioning in isolated human right atria in vitro. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:33–41
  31. Lemoine S, Beauchef G, Zhu L, et al. Signaling pathways involved in desflurane-induced postconditioning in human atrial myocardium in vitro. Anesthesiology. 2008;109:1036–1044
  32. Mio Y, Bienengraeber MW, Marinovic J, et al. Age-related attenuation of isoflurane preconditioning in human atrial cardiomyocytes (Roles for mitochondrial respiration and sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel activity). Anesthesiology. 2008;108:612–620
  33. Penta de Peppo A, Polisca P, Tomai F, et al. Recovery of LV contractility in man is enhanced by preischemic administration of enflurane. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68:112–118
  34. Belhomme D, Peynet J, Louzy M, et al. Evidence for preconditioning by isoflurane in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation. 1999;100:II340–II344
  35. De Hert SG, Cromheecke S, ten Broecke PW, et al. Effects of propofol, desflurane, and sevoflurane on recovery of myocardial function after coronary artery surgery in elderly high-risk patients. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:314–323
  36. De Hert SG, ten Broecke PW, Mertens E, et al. Sevoflurane but not propofol preserves myocardial function in coronary surgery patients. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:42–49
  37. Cromheecke S, Pepermans V, Hendrickx E, et al. Cardioprotective properties of sevoflurane in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 2006;103:289–296
  38. De Hert SG, Van der Linden PJ, Cromheecke S, et al. Cardioprotective properties of sevoflurane in patients undergoing coronary surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass are related to the modalities of its administration. Anesthesiology. 2004;101:299–310
  39. Julier K, da Silva R, Garcia C, et al. Preconditioning by sevoflurane decreases biochemical markers for myocardial and renal dysfunction in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled multicenter study. Anesthesiology. 2003;98:1315–1327
  40. Garcia C, Julier K, Bestmann L, et al. Preconditioning with sevoflurane decreases PECAM-1 expression and improves one-year cardiovascular outcome in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2005;94:159–165
  41. Guarracino F, Landoni G, Tritapepe L, et al. Myocardial damage prevented by volatile anesthetics: A multicenter randomized controlled study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2006;20:477–483
  42. Lucchinetti E, Hofer C, Bestmann L, et al. Gene regulatory control of myocardial energy metabolism predicts postoperative cardiac function in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Inhalational versus intravenous anesthetics. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:444–457
  43. Yu CH, Beattie WS. The effects of volatile anesthetics on cardiac ischemic complications and mortality in CABG: a meta-analysis. Can J Anesth. 2006;53:906–918
  44. Symons JA, Myles PS. Myocardial protection with volatile anaesthetic agents during coronary artery bypass surgery: A meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2006;97:127–136
  45. Tuman KJ, McCarthy RJ, Spiess BD, et al. Does choice of anesthetic agent significantly affect outcome after coronary artery surgery?. Anesthesiology. 1989;70:189–198
  46. Slogoff S, Keats AS. Randomized trial of primary anesthetic agents on outcome of coronary artery bypass operations. Anesthesiology. 1989;70:179–188
  47. Tuman KJ, McCarthy RJ, Spiess BD, et al. Comparison of anesthetic techniques in patients undergoing heart valve replacement. J Cardiothorac Anesth. 1990;4:159–167
  48. Slogoff S, Keats AS, Dear WE, et al. Steal-prone coronary anatomy and myocardial ischemia associated with four primary anesthetic agents in humans. Anesth Analg. 1991;72:22–27
  49. Buffington CW, Davis KB, Gillispie S, et al. The prevalence of steal-prone coronary anatomy in patients with coronary artery disease: An analysis of the Coronary Artery Surgery Study Registry. Anesthesiology. 1988;69:721–727
  50. Buffington CW, Romson JL, Levine A, et al. Isoflurane induces coronary steal in a canine model of chronic coronary occlusion. Anesthesiology. 1987;66:280–292
  51. Jakobsen CJ, Berg H, Hindsholm KB, et al. The influence of propofol versus sevoflurane anesthesia on outcome in 10,535 cardiac surgical procedures. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2007;21:664–671
  52. Landoni G, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Zangrillo A, et al. Desflurane and sevoflurane in cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2007;21:502–511

PII: S1053-0770(09)00265-1

doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2009.07.001

Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
Volume 23, Issue 5 , Pages 589-593 , October 2009