THIS IS THE second part of the E-challenge case presented in the last issue of the Journal. This section includes a narrative of the clinical decisions made in the operating room and the evidence to support them. The readers are referred to the Journal web site for viewing the video presentation of the echo loops and their explanation. In an effort to make the experience/discussion interactive, a web-based discussion forum (blog site) also has been set up on the web site for the readers to comment and share their opinions. To enhance the educational experience and to keep the discussion focused, the online discussion will be moderated/edited by the section editors.
1.Assessment of the severity of aortic stenosis (AS)
2.The impact of concomitant mitral stenosis (MS) on the echocardiographic assessment of AS is debatable.1, 2, 3
3.The AVA was not calculated in the aforementioned studies, and stenosis severity was estimated with gradients during cardiac catheterization.
4.Because of slow progression, it is recommended that “prophylactic aortic valve replacement (AVR)” may not be indicated.4
5.However, it is also recommended that rheumatic AS progresses more rapidly than rheumatic aortic regurgitation.5 This is because aortic regurgitation can be caused by only a mild valvular abnormality, whereas AS develops after significant valvular abnormality;5 hence, patients with mild AS in rheumatic heart valve disease.
6.The question was as follows: does the increased stroke volume after mitral valve replacement serve to increase the aortic valve area (AVA) or the gradient (ie, improve the stenosis or worsen it)?
7.Furthermore, there is not a cutoff value of the absolute AVA that is an indication for AVR.6 The need for AVR is determined by the presence of symptoms of ventricular decompensation rather than the AVA.6
8.The patient's body surface area was 1.6 m2, with an aortic annular size of 1.8 cm, raising the possibility of a patient prosthesis mismatch after a size 19 prosthetic valve.7
9.The increased likelihood of a patient prosthesis mismatch in concomitant AVR during surgery for rheumatic stenosis of the mitral valve has been reported. This may be because of the greater preponderance of rheumatic heart disease in females who have a smaller body surface area, ascending aorta, and aortic annulus.8, 9
Intraoperative Course
1.Mitral valve replacement only.
2.Aortic valve was considered mildly stenotic and not calcified with the hope of eventual improvement of AVA with improved stroke volume.
3.Immediate post–cardiopulmonary bypass AVA was measured to be 1.27 cm2 (continuity equation) and a peak gradient of 27 mmHg.
4.The pre–cardiopulmonary bypass AVA was 1.07 cm2 via the continuity equation with a peak gradient of 16 mmHg. There was a marginal improvement in the AVA but a simultaneous increase in the peak gradient with similar hemodynamics.
5.Improvement in the final AVA and gradient did not specifically meet the criteria for the diagnosis of AS or “pseudo-AS.”10
Unanswered Questions
1.Was it really “pseudo-AS” (ie, did the AVA actually significantly improve after the mitral valve replacement)?
2.Was it more significant AS than anticipated (ie, the AS was more severe than measured because of low flow, and this is manifested as an insignificant improvement in AVA, but a simultaneous improvement in peak gradient)?
1. 1Honey M. Clinical and haemodynamic observations on combined mitral and aortic stenosis. Br Heart J. 1961;23:545–555. MEDLINE |
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2. 2Katznelson G, Jreissaty RM, Levinson GE, et al.Combined aortic and mitral stenosis (A clinical and physiological study). Am J Med. 1960;29:242–256.
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3. 3Zitnik RS, Piemme TE, Messer RJ, et al.The masking of aortic stenosis by mitral stenosis. Am Heart J. 1965;69:22–30. MEDLINE |
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5. 5Choudhary SK, Talwar S, Juneja R, et al.Fate of mild aortic valve disease after mitral valve intervention. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;122:583–586. Abstract |
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6. 6ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:1486–1588. Full Text |
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8. 8Roberts WC, Ko JM. Some observations on mitral and aortic valve disease. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2008;21:282–299.
9. 9Roberts WC, Ko JM, Schumacher JR, et al.Combined mitral and aortic stenosis of rheumatic origin with double-valve replacement in an octogenarian. Int J Cardiol. 2008;[Epub ahead of print].
10. 10Maslow AD, Mahmood F, Poppas A, et al.Intraoperative dobutamine stress echocardiography to assess aortic valve stenosis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2006;20:862–866. Full Text |
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Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
Address reprint requests to Feroze Mahmood, MD, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Deaconess 1, CC-540, Boston, MA 02215
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