Iatrogenic aortic dissection (iAD) is a relatively rare but a life-threatening complication
associated with cardiac surgery. All members of the team caring for cardiac surgical
patients (surgeons, perfusionists, and anesthesiologists) must be familiar with this
complication to minimize its incidence and improve outcome.
The present narrative review focuses on iAD occurring intraoperatively and during
the early postoperative period (within 1 month) of cardiac surgery. The review also
addresses iAD that occurs late (beyond 1 month) after cardiac surgery and iAD associated
with other procedures.
iAD occurs in about 0.06% of cases when the ascending aorta is the site of arterial
cannulation, in about 0.6% when the femoral or iliac arteries are used, and in about
0.5% when the axillary or subclavian arteries are used. Mortality is estimated to
be 30% but is more than double if not recognized until the postoperative period. Site
of origin of dissection is most commonly the arterial inflow cannula (∼33%). Other
common sites are the aortic cross-clamp or partial occlusion clamp (∼29%) and the
proximal saphenous vein anastomosis site (14%). Sixty percent of cases occur during
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and 17% during aortic valve surgery with
or without CABG. iAD may be somewhat less common in off-pump versus on-pump CABG but
is still not very rare.
Risk factors, presentation, diagnosis, and management are reviewed in detail as is
the key role of the use of echocardiography in the early diagnosis of iAD and for
guiding its management.
Key Words
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Published online: September 29, 2020
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