With the growing prevalence of cardiovascular disease worldwide, over 2 million patients
undergo median sternotomy for cardiac surgery annually.1 The incidence of severe acute postoperative pain after sternotomy is as high as 49%,
and appropriate management of this pain has important implications for short- and
long-term recovery.2 Inadequate post-surgical pain control following sternotomy in cardiac surgery has
profound negative consequences on pulmonary function, hemodynamics, myocardial oxygen
demand, postoperative delirium, and ICU and hospital length of stay.3 Severe pain has also been shown to harm long-term outcomes such as quality of life4,5 and is associated with the development of persistent post-sternotomy pain with an
incidence as high as 35% at 1-year follow-up.1,6
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Article info
Publication history
Accepted:
January 10,
2023
Received in revised form:
January 7,
2023
Received:
December 30,
2022
Publication stage
In Press Accepted ManuscriptIdentification
Copyright
© 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
